1 





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OFKrci A I . 1 )01VA1'I0N. 



The FARMERS' 

CENTENNIAL HISTORY 

"OHIO 








' 














1803 
. 1903 , 










THE 


ISSUED BY 

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULl 


^URE 



Ohio state Board of Agriculture 

1903. 



OFFICERS. 



THADDEUS E. CROMLEY, President. BENJ. P. BALDWIN, Vice-President. 

THOMAS L. CALVERT, Treasurer. 
WELLS W. MILLER, Secretary. JAMES W. FLEMING, Assistant Secretary. 

Columbus. Columbus. 



MEMBERS. 



TERM EXPIBES. 

JONAS S. STUCKEY, Van Wert, Van Wert County January, 1904 

BENJAMIN P. BALDWIN (Newton Falls, Trumbull Co.), Mahon- 
ing County January, 1904 

THADDEUS E. CROMLEY, Ashville, Pickaway County January, 1905 

THOMAS L. CALVERT, Selma, Clark County January, 1905 

WILLIAM MILLER, Gypsum, Ottawa County January, 1906 

JEREMIAH L. CARPENTER, Carpenter, Meigs County January, 1906 

CHARLES H. GANSON, Urbana, Champaign County January, 1907 

ALFBRD PUTNAM SANDLES, Ottawa, Putnam County January, 1907 

ROLDON O. HINSDALE, Wadsworth, Medina County January, 1908 

SAMUEL TAYLOR, Grove City, Franklin County .'. .January, 1908 



EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 

THADDEUS E. CROMLEY. President. JONAS S. STUCKEY. 

SAMUEL TAYLOR. THOMAS L. CALVERT. 

AliFERD PUTNAM SANDLES. 



FARMERS' INSTITUTE COMMITTEE. 

THADDEUS E. CROMLEY, Chairman. WILLIAM MILLER. 

ROLDON O. HINSDALE. 



AUDITING COMMITTEE. 

BENJAMIN P. BALDWIN, Chairman. JEREMIAH L. CARPENTER. 
CHARLES H. GANSON. 



THE 



FARMERS' 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY 



OF 



OHIO 



IS 03-1 003 



ISSUED BY 



THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 



Springfield, Ohio: 

The Springfield Publishing Company, 

State Printers. 

1904. 






Columbus, December 31, 1903. 
Hon. W. VV. Miller, , / 

t^ia^eiiiry, O'Jiio State Board of Agriculture, Columbus, O.: 

Dear Sir : — I respectfully transmit herewith manuscript of "Th^ 
Farmers' Centennial History of Ohio." As you will note, this bulletin con- 
tains a brief summary of the growth of the agricultural, horticultural and 
live stock industries of the State during the century, with the latest sta- 
tistics in reference thereto. A short history of Ohio, arranged chrono- 
logically, has been included, with other matters of general interest. Every 
effort has been made to give correct dates, and, when practicable, original 
documents have been consulted. 

I desire to express my thanks to Prof. William R. Lazenby, Prof. 
Herbert Osborn and Rev. William Leon Dawson for valuable assistance 
when preparing the lists of native trees and grasses, animals and fishes and 
Ohio birds. 

Trusting the work will meet your approval, I am, 
Yours respectfully, 

Jean Dick Ciieetham, Librarian. 



20 JAN 19CC 
D. 01 D, 



STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 



LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE OHIO STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE 
FROM THE ORGANIZATION OF THE BOARD TO DATE. 



(NOTE. — The act creating the State Board of Agriculture, passed in 184G, 
provided for fifty-three members and named them. The act was amended in 
1847, reducing the number of members to ten. Five members were elected each 
year for a term of two years until 1898, when the act was so amended as to pro- 
vide for the election of two members each year for a term of five years.) 



Names. 



Year of 
Service. 



Residence. 



John B. Bayless 

Henry C. Brish 

Frederick Bonner 

Joseph Burns 

John Chanev 

G. W. Cowden ! 

Absalom Dun 

John Eckels 

Elias Florence 

John Fuller 

Geo. W. Gibbons 

William Gill 

H. N. Gillett 

L. C. Goble 

Da'id Gregory 

Anson Howard 

John Johnson 

Aaron Johnson 

Greenbury Keen 

Billius Kirtland 

Newton I arsh 

Liba Lindley 

Jas. Loudon 

John McElderry 

Wm. McFadden 

Beatty McFarland 

John Martin 

Isaac Moore 

Oilman C. Mudgett 

Samuel Myers 

Isaac Neiswanger 

Simon Perkins 

Henry Protzman 

W. R. Putman, Jr 

Felix Renick 

Jas. L. Reynolds 

Benj. Ruggles 

Sam'I Spangler 

David Stevens 

Abraham Studdebaker 

Dowty Utter 

John I. Vanmeter 

Richard Warner 

Jesse Wilson 

J. M. Millikin 

J. T. Pugsley 



184G 


Jefferson County. 


1846 


Seneca County. 


1846 


Greene County. 


1846 


Coshocton County. 


1846 


Fairfield County. 


1846 


Trumbull County. 


1846 


Butler County. 


1846 


Hancock County. 


1846 


Pickaway County. 


1846 


Erie County. 


1846 


Muskingum County. 


1846 


Pickaway County. 


1846 1 


Lawrence County. 


1846 


Putnam County. 


1846 


Delaware County. 


1846 


Champaign County. 


1846 


Miami County. 


1846 


Perry County. 


1846 


Portage County. 


1846 


Mahoning County. 


1846 


Preble County. 


1846 


Athens County. 


1846 


Brown County. 


1846 


Tuscarawas County. 


1846 


Harrison County. 


1846 


Jefferson County. 


1846 


Columbiana County. 


1846 


Lake County. 


1846 


Paulding Countj . 


1846 


Crawford County. 


1846 


Belmont County. 


1846 


Summit County. 


1846 


Montgomery County 


1846 


Washington County 


1846 


Ross County. 


1846 


Stark County. 


1846 


Belmont County. 


1846 


Fairfield County. 


1846 


Richland County. 


1846 


Darke County. 


1846 


Clermont County. 


1846 


Pike County. 


1846 


Medina County. 


1846 


Shelby County. 


1846 


Hamilton. 


1846 


Convenience. 



LIST OF MEMBERS. 
Members of the State Board of Agriculture. — Continued. 



Names. 



Years of 

Service, 

Inclusive. 



PostofRce. 



Allen Trimble 

M. L. Sullivant 

Sam'l Medary 

Darius Lapham 

Arthur Watts 

J. P. Kirtland 

A. E. Strickle 

M. B. Bateham 

John Codding 

C. Springer 

J. M. Edwards 

J. G. Gest 

F. R. Elliott 

J. T. Pugsley 

S. Halloway , 

William Case 

Philo Adams 

R. W. Musgrave 

R. W. Steele 

William H. Ladd 

D. Mcintosh 

J. T. Worthington 

Joseph Sullivant .... 

John K. Greene 

James L. Cox 

B. Stedman 

Alexander Waddle . . . 

Abel Krum 

Liucien Buttles 

G. W. Baker 

John M. Milliken 

Luther Smith 

Thomas S. Webb 

Norton S. Townshend, 

L. Q. Rawson , 

James M. Trimble.... 

John Reber 

D. E. Gardner 

William Dewitt 

C. W. Potwin 

T. C. Jones 

Henry B. Perkins 

David Taylor 

Jacob Egbert 

Nelson J. Turney 

D. McMillan 

W. R. Putnam 

William F. Greer 

James Fullington . . . . 
William B. McClung. . 

James W. Ross 

R. R. Donnelly 

James Buckingham . . 
J. Park Alexander..., 
Norton S. Tow^nshend. 

William Lang 

D. C. Richmond 

R. P. Cannon 



1846 
184(5 
184G 
1846 
1846 
1846 
1846 
1847 
1847 
1848 
1848 
1848 
1849 
1850 
1850 
1852 
1852 
1852 
1853- 
1853 
1853 
1853 
1854 
1854- 
1854- 
1854. 
1855- 
1855- 
1856- 
1850- 
1857- 
1857- 
1857- 
1858- 
1858- 
1858- 
1858- 
1859- 
1859- 
1859- 
1860- 
I860- 
1861- 
1862- 
1862- 
1863- 
1863- 
1864- 
1864- 
1864- 
1865- 
1865- 
1865- 
1867- 
1868- 
1868- 
1869- 
1870- 



51 
-53 

53 
50 
52 
-48 
-49 
■51 
•49 
-52 
■52 
-54 
-51 
■51 
51 
•53 
•53 
57 
56 
•56 
54 
56 
55 
57 
55 
•57 
60 
58 
59 
57 
62 
58 
58 
63 
59 
61 
61 
64 
64 
62 
67 
63 
66 
63 
69 
70 
64 
67 
69 
71 
70 
68 
72 
70 
69 
71 
74 
75 



Hillsboro. 

Columbus. 

Columbus. 

Cincinnati. 

Chillicothe. 

Cleveland. 

Wilmington. 

Columbus. 

Granger. 

Meadow Farm. 

Canfield. 

Spring Valley. 

Cleveland. 

Convenience. 

St. Clairsville. 

Cleveland. 

Huron. 

Sulphur Springs 

Dayton. 

Richmond. 

Shalersville. 

Chillicothe. 

Columbus. 

Cincinnati 

Zanesville. 

Cleveland. 

South Charleston 

Cherry Valley. 

Columbus. 

Marietta. 

Hamilton. 

West Liberty. 

Massillon. 

Avon. 

Fremont. 

Hillsboro. 

Lancaster. 

Toledo. 

Cleveland. 

Zanesville. 

Delaware. 

Warren. 

Columbus. • 

Lebanon. 

Circleville. 

Xenia. 

Marietta. 

Painesville. 

Irwin Station. 

Troy. 

Perrysburg. 

Wooster. 

Zanesville. 

Akron. 

Avon. 

Tiffin. 

Sandusky. 

Aurora. 



STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 
Members of the State Board of Agriculture. — Continued. 



Names. 



Years of 

Service, 

Inclusive. 



James B. Jamison.. 

L. G. Delano 

L. B. Sprague 

Simpson Harmount 
John A. Warder. . . . , 
W. S. Hickox 

B. W. Carlisle 

Justus C. Stephens . , 

John M. Pugh 

L. B. Wing 

Russell C. Thompson 
Leo Weltz 

D. L. Pope 

Charles Smith 

E. T. Stickney 

A. B. Stone 

Peter Murphy 

W. N. Cowden 

R. Baker 

Arvine C. Wales 

R. H. Hayman 

O. P. Chaney 

C. D. Bailey 

J. C. Levering 

William S. Foster. . . 

L. B. Harris 

J. H. Brigham 

L. N. Bonham 

H. Talcott 

N. A. Sims 

T. P. Shields 

John Pow 

S. H. Hurst 

J. J. Sullivan 

Joseph H. Terrell .... 

J. G. Russell 

H. G. Tryon 

J. M. Black 

A. H. Kling 

H. S. Grimes 

A. J. Clark 

W. W. Miller 

J. W. Pollock 

N. Ohmer 

L. G. Ely 

E. L. Hinnian 

J. C. Bower 

George Lewis 

Chester Bordwell . . . . 

F. A. Derthick 

J. T. Robinson 

G. Liggett 

J. H. Pringle 

E. C. Ellis 

Chester Bordwell . . . . 

L. G. Ely 

H. S. Grimes 

Albert Hale 



Postoffice. 



1870-77 


1 Cadiz. 


1870-75 


Chillicothe. 


1871-70 


Springfield. 


1871-76 


1 New Philadelphia. 


1871-76 


Cleves. 


1872-73 


Mansfield. 


1872-79 


1 Hooker's Station. 


1873-74 


1 Kenton. 


1874-79 


1 Columbus. 


187.5-80 


Newark 


1875-76 


Sylvania. 


1876-83 


Wilmington 


1876-81 


Welshfield 


1877-80 


Marion. 


1877-78 


Republic. 


1877-78 


Gallipolis. 


1877-80 


Hughes' Station. 


1878-83 


Quaker Citv. 


1879-82 


Elyria. 


1879-82 


Massillon. 


1880-81 


Portsmouth. 


1880-82 


Canal Winchester. 


1881-88 


Gallipolis. 


1881-86 


Levering. 


1881-88 


Urbana. 


1882-87 


Upper Sandusky. 


1882-89 


Delta. 


1883-86 


Oxford. 


1883-87 


Jefferson. 


1883-85 


Columbus. 


1884-87 


Watkins. 


1884-89 


Salem. 


1884-89 


Chillicothe. 


1887-88 


Millersburg. 


1887-88 


New Vienna. 


1887-90 


Mt. Gilead. 


1888-91 


Willoughby. 


1888-90 


Hanover. 


1889-96 


Marion. 


1889-90 


Portsmouth. 


1889-98 1 


Cambridge. 


1889-94 


Castalia. 


1890-93 


Cedarville. 


1890-95 1 


Dayton. 


1890-91 1 


West Unity. 


1890-93 1 


Columbus. 


1891-98 1 


Athens. 


1891-94 i 


Van Wert. 


1892-93 1 


Batavia. 


1892-95 1 


Mantua. 


1894-97 ! 


Rockaway. 


1894-1901 1 


Watkins. 


1894-95 1 


Cardington. 


1895-98 1 


Crestvue. 


1895-1901 I 


Batavia. 


1896-1900 1 


Fayette. 


1896-1900 


Portsmouth. 


1896-99 


Mogadore. 



LIST OF MEMBERS. 
Members of the State Board of Agriculture. — Concluded. 



Names. 


i 

Years of 

Service, 

Inclusive. 


PostofRce. 


J. S. Stuckey 

S. H. Ellis 


1897 

1898-99 

1899-1902 

1899 

1899 

1900 

1900 

1901 

1901 

1902 

1902 

1903 


Van Wert. 
Waynesville. 


D. J. Green 

B P Baldwin 


Renrock. 
Tiger. 


Samuel Taylor 


Grove City. 


T. E. Cromley 

T. L. Calvert 

Wm. Miller 


Ashville. 

Selma. 

Gypsum. 


J. L. Carpenter 


Carpenter. 


C. H. Ganson 

A. P. Sandles 

R. 0. Hinsdale 


Urbana. 
Ottawa. 

Wadsworth. 



LIST OF OFFICERS. 7 

LIST OF OFFICERS OF THE OHIO STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE, 

FROM ITS ORGANIZATION TO DATE; ALSO TABLES SHOWING 

PLACE OF HOLDING AND RECEIPTS OF EACH STATE FAIR. 



Yr. 


President. 


Treasurer. 


Secretary. 


Place of Fair. 


1 
IRec'pts. 


1846 


Allen Trimble 

Same 

Same 

M. L. Sullivan t 

Same 


M. L. SuUivant.... 

Same 

Same 

1 Samuel Medary... 
1 Same 


1 

1 Samuel Medarv... 




1 


1847 


M. B. Bateham.... 






1848 


Same 






1849 


1 Same 






1850 


Same 


Cincinnati 


$8 036 18 


1851 


Same 


Same 


W. W. Mather.... 


Columbus 


8,204 09 


1852 


Arthur Watts 


Same 


Same 


Cleveland 


13.360 00 


1853 


Samuel Medary 


1 M. L. SuUivant.... 


Geo. Sprague 


Dayton 


13.996 37 


1854 


R. W. Musgrave 


1 Joiseph SuUivant.. 


Same 


Newark 


8.824 58 


1855 


J. T. Worthington.. 


I Same 


Same 


Columbus . . . . 


9.745 54 


1856 


William H. Ladd... 


1 Lucien Buttles — 


Same 


Cleveland .... 


16.684 20 


1857 


Alexander Waddle. 


I Same 


J. H. Klippart 


Cincinnati 


17,530 75 


1858 


John M. Milikin.... 


1 Same 


Same 


Sandusky .. .. 


9 997 70 


1859 


N. S. Townshend.. 


Same — 


Same 


Zaiiesville 


8 958 82 


1860 


Alexander Waddle. 


I Chas. W. Potwin.. 


Same 


Dayton 


11.998 50 


1861 


Darwin E. Gardner. 


Same 


Same 




8,036 18 


1862 


Thomas C. Jones... 


David Tavlor 


Same 


Cleveland 


11.260 64 


1863 


N. S. Townshend.. 


Same 


Same 




11,142 00 


1864 


Nelson J. Turnev.. 


Same 


Same 


Columbus .... 


12,620 54 


1865 


Same 


Same 


Same 




10.658 65 


1866 


Wm. B. McClung.. 


Same 


Same 


Davton 


14.035 80 


1867 


Daniel McMillan 


Jas. Buckingham. 


Same 




18.692 98 


1868 


James Fullington.. . 


Same 


Same Toledo 


15.606 25 


1869 


Same 


Same 


Same 1 




19,606 50 


1870 


James W. Ross 


J. Park Alexander 


Same 1 


Springfield ... 


18.252 85 


1871 


William Lang 


Jas. Buckingham. 


Same 1 


•• 


16.460 25 


1872 


James Buckingham 


Simp'n Harmount 


Same 1 Mansfield 


19.149 45 


1873 


Lincoln G. Delano.. 


Same 


Same ! 





22. .517 .50 


1874 


Same 


Same 


Same 1 Columbus .... 


27.674 79 


1875 


R. P. Cannon 


Same 


Same | 


" 


20.539 30 


1876 


S. Karmount 


J. M. Pugh 


Same 1 


• ' 


11 909 61 


1877 


J. B. Jamison 


Same 


Same 1 


" 


21.1.51 21 
11,979 50 


1878 


J. M. Pugh 


L. B. Wing 


Same 1 


'■ 


1879 


B. W. Carlisle 


Same 


J. W. Fleming ....| 


" 


30.703 35 


1880 


L. B. Wing 


D. L. Pone 


W. T. Chamberlain! 


" 


23 682 "0 


1881 


D. L. Pone 


Leo. Weltz 


Same | 


1 29.706 16 


1882 


R. Baker 


W. N. Cowden.... 


Same | 


....I 


34,082 .52 


1883 


W. N. Cowden 


L. B. Harris 


Same | 




38 .513 78 


1884 


W. S. Foster 


Same 1 


Same | 


....1 


33,.306 48 


1885 


C. D. Bailev 


J. C. Levering 


Same ( 




29.796 51 


1886 


L. N. Bonham 


L. B. Harris 


Same | 




30 533 17 


1887 


J. H. Brigham 


Same 


L. N. Bonham 1 




30,902 10 


1888 1 


John I'ow 


J. G. Ru.s-.'sell 


Same 1 


Centen'l year. 




1 


Same 




1 

Same | 

Same 1 






1889 ! 


Columbus ....1 
....I 


19.637 41 

27,574 55 


1890 


J. G. Russell 1 


A. H. Kling 1 


1891 


J. M. Black 1 


Same 1 


Same 1 




33.878 64 




A. H. Kling 1 


W. W. Miller ! 


Same 1 


" 1 


30 357 19 


1893 1 


J. W. Pollock 1 


Same 1 


Same 1 


....1 


19.350 93 


1894 1 


W. W. Miller 1 


F. A. Derthick....! 


Same 1 


....1 


27 260 25 


1895 


A. J. Clark 1 


Same ....| 


AV. W. Miller ' 


....I 


33.966 13 


1896 


J. C. Bower 1 


A. J Clark 


Same 1 




22,. 5.31 20 
30.369 48 


1897 1 


J. T. Robinson 


J. C. Bower 1 


Same 1 


....1 


1898 1 


C. Bordwell 




Same 1 

Same [ 


" 1 


31.023 36 
33 749 17 


1899 


L. G. Elv 


H. S. Grimes 1 


... 1 


1900 


H. S. Grimes 


L. G. Ely 1 


Same 1 


....I 


31,521 35 


1901 


J. S. Stuckev 


G. Liggett 1 






51 576 50 
40,519 72 


1902 1 


Samuel Taylor I 


T. L. Calvert 


Same 1 




1903 


T E. Cromlev 1 

1 


Same 1 

1 


Same ' 

1 


■■■■'l 


49.292 75 



HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN OHIO, 1803-1903. 



The first settlers of Ohio were of necessity agricukurists. Repre- 
sentatives of all classes — professional men, business men, craftsmen, farm- 
ers — took up the line of march toward the land of promise, which lay 
beyond the mountains, and they entered in, took possession of the land, 
and tilled the soil. Many of these pioneers had spent their fortunes in 
maintaining- the War for Independence, and had, as Burnett says, "retired 
to the wilderness to conceal their poverty." 

Upon the admission of Ohio to the Union the population was about 
45,000, and 7,069,629 acres of land had been purchased from the General 
Government ; but we have no means now of ascertaining how much of 
this was cultivated or how much of it was occupied by actual residents. 

By 1810 the population had increased to 230,760, and 9,933,099 acres 
of land had been purchased from the Government, but over a third of this 
amoimt was held by non-residents. 

A dense forest covered the whole State. Game was abundant ; deer, 
bears, wild turkeys, etc., supplied the early settlers with meat. 

The first houses were built of logs and covered with long, si)lit 
oak shingles, held in place by logs or poles in place of nails. Logs split 
into flat pieces and hewn smooth were used for floors and doors. School 
houses and churches were also built of logs. The work of cutting down 
the forest trees and clearing away the underbrush was generally done 
in the winter, and all timber not needed for fence rails and fuel was rolled 
into heaps and burned. Oxen were generally used for iarm work : they 
were less expensive than horses and more easily kept, with the additional 
advantage of being available for beef when unfit for work. 

As soon as the farms were cleared, they were planted in wheat, corn, 
oats, buckwheat, flax and potatoes. Wheat was sown broadcast among 
the stumps and with a "drag," scratched under the surface. Red chafif 
bearded wheat was introduced by the early settlers, and was one of 
the first varieties cultivated in the State. It was verv prolific. 

Corn was planted early in May. The planter carried his seed corn 
in a bag, which was suspended about his waist. A sharp hoe was used 
to raise the leafy soil, under which the corn was thrown and the ground 
pressed down with the hoe or foot. Sometimes a hole \vas made with 
an ax and the corn (lro])pe(l in. \MK'n the corn came up. a hoe was used 
for clearing out the weeds and stirring the soil about the plants. White 
flint corn was grown in the northern ]):u"t of the State, as it found a readv 



10 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 

market at a good price with the Hudson Bay Company ; but yellow dent 
corn was preferred in other portions of Ohio. "The culture of maize," 
savs an early writer, ^ "is nearly the only one which the early inhabitants 
follow, and. although it is far from being brought to perfection, and the 
land is still so full of roots, it is nevertheless so fertile that the stems 
rise ten or twelve feet, and the annual produce is from twenty-five to 
thirtv quintals per acre. * * * Nine-tenths of the interior farmers 
use only maize bread. They make it into loaves of eight or ten pounds' 
weight, which they bake in cottage ovens, or into small cakes, baked 
on a plank before the fire. The bread is generally eaten hot, and is not 
much relished by those who are unaccustomed to it." 

Flax was an important crop in Ohio at one time. "It was sown, 
cleaned, pulled, rotted, broken, swingled, hatcheled, spun and woven in 
the home, made into linen for the household and into summer garments 
for men and boys." The fiber was also manufactured into paper. In 
1869 - Ohio produced nearly 80,000.000 pounds of flax fiber, and had 
ninety flax mills in operation. In 1870 the tarilt on gunny cloth, grown 
in the East Indies, was removed, and, as a result, every flax mill in Ohio 
was stopped, and the amount of flax fiber reduced in 1886 to less than 
2,000,000 pounds. Cotton fiber has now almost entirely taken the place 
of flax in the manufacture of clothing and many other purposes. A val- 
uable oil was produced from the flax seed, for which there was a great 
demand for many years, but cotton seed oil and some products of petro- 
leum have, to a great extent, taken the place of flax seed oil. 

The implements used by the early agriculturists of Ohio were few 
and primitive. The crotch of a tree, with a tooth in front and four on 
each side, was the harrow made and used in that day, and the wooden 
mould board plow was in use for many years. Mr. James Flint, an Eng- 
lishman, who traveled through Ohio in 1818, makes some interesting 
observations on the condition of agriculture at that time ^' : 

"The plow is short, chimsy, and not calculated to make either deep or neat 
furrows. Farming establishmental are small. Most cultivators do everything 
for themselves, even to the fabrication of their agricultural implements.**** 
I saw some people threshing buckwheat; they had dug a hollow in a field, 
about twenty feet in diameter and six feet eight inches in depth. In this the 
grain was thrashed by the flail and the straw thrown aside to rot in the field. 
The wheat is cleared of the chaff by two persons fanning at it with a sheet, 
while a third lets it fall before the wind.****Light articles are carried on 
horseback, heavy ones by a coarse sledge, a cart or a wagon. The small im- 
plements are the ax, the pick-ax and the cradle — scythe — by far the most com- 
mendable of backwood apparatus." 

Between 1810 and 1820 conditions were very unsatisfactory to the 
farmer. Wheat declined to twenty-five cents per bushel ; corn ranged from 
ten to fifteen cents ; oats ten cents, while potatoes ranged from ten to 



1 Micheaux Travels, p. 133. 

2 Dr. N. S. Towns'hend. 

3 Flint's Letters from America. 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 11 

twelve cents per bushel. And even at these prices but few cash sales were 
made by the farmer, but his products had to be exchanged for articles 
which he needed but could not produce. "Salt was eighteen dollars per 
barrel at lake ports, while flour was worth three dollars per barrel 
l-'armers throughout .Stark. Wayne. Portage and other famous wheat 
producing counties in that vicinity would leave the 'log cabin" on Monday 
morning with six barrels of flour for Cleveland, and return on Saturday 
night, having bartered the six barrels of flour, the labor of a man and 
several horses during an entire week, for a single barrel of salt."^ A cow- 
could be bought at from six to eight dollars, a horse from twenty-five 
to forty dollars, and pork and beef from one dollar and fifty cents to one 
dollar and seventy-five cents i)er hundredweight. Almost all clothing 
was of home manufacture, journeys were made on horseback by "bridle 
paths" and sometimes through the imbroken forest, for there were as 
yet no roads. The crying necessity of the countr_\- was for transportation 
facilities. 

(iovernor Ethan Allen T'rown recognized the importance of internal 
improvements and the opening up of a "cheaper way to market for the 
surplus produce of a large portion of our fertile country." The following 
quotation is made from his annual message to the General Assembly, 
January 8. 1819 :- 

"You will bear in mind that our productions, which form our only great 
resource, are generally of that bulky and ponderous description as to need 
every easement in consequence that we can afford. Experience is a faithful 
monitor; and the millions expended for transportation during the late war 
may teach a useful lesson; another may be learned from the present differ- 
ence between the price of salt on the lake shore and on the Ohio. I have already 
evinced an anxiety on this subject, excited by a strong sense of its vital impor- 
tance. Roads and canals are veins and arteries to the body politic, that diffuse 
supplies, health, vigor and animation to the whole system. "- 

The people living on the border of Lake Erie, the Ohio River and 
the navigable waterways of the State had a very great advantage over 
the settlers in the central portion; the former could, at certain periods of 
the year, send their produce to market by boat; but the only demand the 
latter had for surplus products came from the immigrants. 

In 1820 the fir.st action w^as taken in reference to the construction 
of the Ohio canals. Considerable opposition developed, however, and 
the act authorizing the work did not pass until 1825." By 1837 higher 
prices were paid for agricultural products than ever before in the history 
of the State. Wheat sold at one dollar and twenty-five cents per bushel ; 
clover seed fifteen dollars per bushel ; potatoes one dollar and twenty-five 
cents per bushel, etc. "Eor thirty years these waterways were the great 
controlling factors of increasing commerce, manufactures and poptdation. 



1 Dr. S. P. Hildreth. 

2 Senate Journal, 1819. 

3 See Ohio Canals. 



12 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 

The newly found markets for farm products added fifty per centum to 
their prices, thus enlarging- the field of agriculture and bringing- wealth 
to the State by its extension."^ 

In 1832 there were 560,742 bushels of wheat exported by canal from 
the State, and by 1847 it reached 9,200,388 bushels. An average of about 
5,000,000 bushe-ls of wheat and flour werei exported annually by canal 
from 1840 to 1850. 

With the impetus given to agricultiu'e by the opening of the canals, 
improved machinery was being introduced, and the Ohio farmer was 
ready to take advantage of it. The corn cultivator appeared in 1824, 
McCormick's reaper in 1831 and Hussey's mower in 1833. In 1850 the 
value of machinery and implements in use on farms in this State was 
$12,750,585. Corn planters, grain drills, broadcast wheat sowers, corn 
shellers for horse and hand power, corn and cob crushers, and one and 
two horse cultivators w^ere on exhibition at the State Fair held in Cleveland 
in 1852. In 1859 i^ ^^''^^ said that Ohio employed more labor saving ma- 
chinery than any other State in the Union. The number of improved 
machines has increased rapidly, changing the character of field work and 
making it possible to largely increase the production of cereals. 

As early as 1833 there was much interest manifested in the culture 
of silk worms, and silk manufacturing companies were organized at 
Franklinton, Franklin county; Franklin Mills, Portage county; Dayton, 
Montgomery county, and St. Clairsville, Belmont county, and from 1835 
tO' 1845 rnany yards of silk goods were manufactured in Ohio.^ From 
the Patent Office Report for 1854 wc learn that fifty thousand bushels 
of cocoons w^ere raised annually in the valley of the Ohio. 

About 1834 Mr. Joseph Sullivant, of Columbus, Ohio, made some 
experiments in the culture of the sugar lieet. He procured some French 
sugar beet seed through the Patent Office, and planted a half acre of 
ground. The yield was so great that the following year he had several 
acres planted with seed imported directly from France. The yield was 
very abundant, and a number of expensive experiments were made for 
the purpose of extracting the saccharine matter, but he did not succeed 
in procuring crystallized sugar. The lack of practical experience and 
of facilities for extracting the sugar and crystallizing it are responsible 
for the abandonment of the enterprise, but Mr. Sullivant succeeded in 
demonstrating the value of the sugar beet as food for man and for all 
domestic animals, its wonderful productivity and the adaptability of 
Ohio soils for its cultivation. 

Mr. Sullivant also made valuable experiments in hemp growing, 
and demonstrated the fact that good crops of hemp could be grown in 



1 Ryan's History of Ohio, p. 96. 

2 See Ohio Manufacturers. 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



13 



Ohio, the difficulty not being in soil, climate nv cultivation, but in the 
manual labor required in pre|)aring- the hemp for market. 

Almost all varieties of farm crops have been tried in this State. 
Some liave succeeded and some have failed, but it will be seen from the 
following statistics that, notwithstanding the center of production is 
gradually moving westward, the staple crops of Ohio one hundred years 
ago are the staple crops of the State todav : 

PRODUCTION OF WHEAT IN BUSHELS FROM 1850 TO 1900. 







(V. 


S. Census 


Report of 


1900. j 






Year. 


1 

1 


Bushels. 


Rank. 

! 1 




1850.. 






14,487,351 


2 






I860.. 




1 


15,119,047 


1 4 






1870.. 






27,882,159 


■ o 






1880.. 




1 


46,014,869 


1 3 






1890.. 




1 


35,559,208 


1 5 






1900.. 




1 


50,376,800 


i 3 







PRODUCTION OF WHEAT BY COUNTIES FOR 1899. 
(V. S. Census Report for 1900; 



County. 



Acres. 



Adams ' 28,6?.7 

Allen I 41,090 

Ashland I 41.586 

Ashtabula '[ 18,253 

Athens I 18,077 

Au£?laize | 48,5.31 

Belmont | 28,903 

Brown i 32,073 

Butler I 69,959 

Carroll | 19.518 

Champaign | 57,048 

Clark I 51,439 

Clermont | 27,211 

Clinton [ 52,364 

Columbiana i 26,860 

Coshocton I 37,672 

Crawford i 35,922 

Cuyahoga 1 13,784 

Darke | 81,001 

Defiance | 21,370 

Delaware j 31,448 

Erie j 23,554 

Fairfield | 57,674 

Fayette i 60,859 

Franklin j 59,239 

Fulton I 15,952 

Gallia | 27,771 

Geauga | 10,648 

Greene I 60,111 



Bushels. 



252,200 
686,460 
729,600 
306,110 
201,260 
865,490 
345,890 
271,330 

1,135,230 
259,620 
960,350 
949,900 
239,670 
787,640 
420.390 
441,750 
792,020 
257,160 

1,511,510 
235,910 
551,200 
436,030 
804,940 

1,106,880 
996,290 
109,900 
244,810 
199,170 

1,015,980 



Value. 



14 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 

PRODUCTION OF WHEAT BY COUNTIES FOR 1899 Concluded. 



County. 



Acres. 



Bushels. 



Value. 



Guernsey 

Hamilton 

Hancock , 

Hardin 

Harrison 

Henry 

Highland 

Hocking 

Holmes 

Huron 

Jackson 

Jefferson 

Knox 

Lake 

Lawrence 

Licking 

Logan 

Lorain 

Lucas 

Madison 

Mahoning 

Marion 

Medina 

Meigs 

Mercer 

Miami 

Monroe 

Montgomery . . . . 

Morgan 

Morrow 

Muskingum 

Noble 

Ottawa 

Paulding 

Perry 

Pickaway 

Pike 

Portage 

Preble 

Putnam 

Richland 

Ross 

Sandusky 

Scioto 

Seneca 

Shelby 

Stark 

Summit 

Trumbull 

Tuscarawas 

Union 

Van Wert 

Vinton . 

Warren 

Washington . . . . 

Wayne 

Williams 

Wood 

Wyandot 

Totals 



22. 
28 
60 
45 
15 
22 
51, 
19 
34 
38 
18 
17 
43 

7, 
16 
50 
47 
27, 

7 
55 
19 
36 
29 
28, 
50, 
62 
24, 
53, 
19 
25 
84 
18 
20 

8, 
23 
77, 
27 
24, 
56 
59 
47 
62 
49 
26, 
69 

3 
54 
31 
17 
36 
38 
39, 
14 
40 
37 
59 
26 
36 
37 



298 
071 
062 
918 
676 
639 
205 
361 
994 
234 
390 
568 
514 
832 
336 
282 
409 
665 
596 
538 
730 
642 
074 
003 
798 
256 
924 
944 
937 
,197 
309 
128 
637 
938 
540 
255 
421 
859 
,000 
034 
384 
994 
,959 
916 
,192 
,920 
,682 
650 
256 
,558 
,580 
855 
275 
747 
225 
485 
.975 
393 
365 



243,970 
482,000 

1,112,120 
838,010 
194,860 
239,700 
541,840 
186,740 
549,540 
779.520 
157.470 
206,080 
658,200 
120,230 
131,920 
710.890 
880,520 
517,920 
63,580 

1,070,960 
347,580 
749,770 
579,090 
328,830 
977,420 

1,102,890 
271,570 
962,360 
266,400 
517,590 
407,110 
185,990 
246,890 
97,380 
307,460 

1.193,950 
266.160 
444,000 

1,066,260 

1,002,810 
891,230 
786,540 
793,810 
309,700 

1,309,230 
891,190 
902,040 
589,540 
318,670 
498,080 
674,680 
656,250 
133,100 
496,980 
481,960 
950,570 
265,800 
572,080 
733,080 



3,209,074 I 50,376,800 
I 



$32,855,834 



Ohio ranks second in value of wheat and third in number of bushels. 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



15 



PRODUCTION OF CORN IN BUSHELS FROM 1850 to 1900. 
(U. S. Census Report of 1900.) 





Year. 


1 Bushels. 


1 
Rank. | 


1850... 
1860... 
1870... 
1880... 
1890... 
1900... 




. ..| 59,078,695 
73.543,190 

. ..| 67,501,144 
..1 111,877,124 
..| 113,892,318 

. ..| 152,055,390 


1 
1 
2 

t 1 
' i 





PRODUCTION OF CORN BY COUNTIES FOR 1899. 
(U. S. Census Report of 1900.) 



County. 



Adams j 

Allen I 

Ashland | 

Ashtabula j 

Athens | 

Auglaize j 

Belmont | 

Brown | 

Butler I 

Carroll | 

Champaign j 

Clark I 

Clermont | 

Clinton | 

Columbiana j 

Coshocton j 

Crawford | 

Cuyahoga ] 

Darke | 

Defiance | 

Delaware | 

Erie [ 

Fairfield j 

Fayette I 

Franklin | 

Fulton I 

Gallia | 

Geauga | 

Greene | 

Guernsey j 

Hamilton | 

Hancock j 

Hardin '.\ 

Harrison | 

Henry | 

Highland j 

Hocking | 

Holmes | 

Huron | 

iJackson I 



Acres. 


1 Bushels. I 

1 


47,268 


1,220,820 


45,478 


1,857,760 


28,121 


1,081,120 


21.297 


626,560 


22.713 


698,380 


51,357 


2,076,0.50 


29,956 


1,103,770 


58,929 


1.739.450 


59,628 


2,449,790 


16,380 


473,720 


66,144 


2,767,560 1 


58,780 


2,528,830 


51,324 


1,474,350 


69,201 


3,219,390 1 


23,208 


814,170 1 


33,655 


1,094,470 


40,686 


1,678,560 


15,103 


504,450 


88,557 


3,789,930 


40,542 


1,985,210 1 


52,450 


2,084.900 1 


21,168 


790,930 1 


61,388 


2,500,190 1 


76,136 


3.385,220 1 


83,712 


3.382.300 


44,904 


1.928.190 


31,057 


774.810 1 


11,977 


411.440 1 


67,059 


3.188,380 1 


25,389 


833,400 1 


30,953 


1.113,340 1 


63,060 


2,813,210 


57,355 


2,380,610 


15,707 


543,780 t 


77,990 


3,879.160 


66,919 


2.462,790 


21,444 


635,100 


27,429 


984,870 


33,146 


1,219,100 


20,286 


435,170 



Value. 



16 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 



PRODUCTION OF CORN BY COUNTIES FOR 1899— Concluded. 



County. 



Jefferson 

Knox 

Lake 

Lawrence 

Licking 

Logan 

Lorain 

Lucas 

Madison 

Mahoning 

Marion 

Medina 

Meigs 

Mercer 

Miami 

Monroe 

Montgomery . . 

Morgan 

Morrow 

Muskingum . . . 

Noble 

Ottawa 

Paulding 

Perry 

Pickaway 

Pike 

Portage 

Preble 

Putnam 

Richland 

Ross 

Sandusky .... 

Scioto 

Seneca 

Shelby 

Stark 

Summit 

Trumbull 

Tuscarawas . . . 

Union 

Van Wert . . . 

Vinton 

Warren 

Washington . . 

Wayne 

Williams 

Wood 

Wyandot 

Totals 



Acres. 



16,085 
40,660 
9,409 
30,240 
60,866 
60,992 
24,198 
33,532 
92,975 
18,561 
54,189 
23,160 
22,234 
56,409 
59,709 
23,849 
55,651 
19,925 
32,744 
37,509 
21,467 
29,346- 
75,756 
22,623 
91,079 
35,304 
17,452 
58,815 
75.846 
35,389 
80,804 
50,271 
.32,0.58 
56,798 
53,778 
35,411 
20,651 
18,138 
27,391 
61,460 
63,224 
18,087 
53,066 
29,194 
43,449 
35,132 
107,686 
45,556 



3,826,013 



Bushels. 



574,800 
1,471,790 

375,600 

673,930 
2,326,070 
2.433.010 

870,690 
1,346,210 
3,738,570 

714,860 
2,394,740 

770,110 

595,990 
2,283,930 
2,721,940 

776,500 
2,290.160 

787,490 
1,370,160 
1,307,010 

797,790 
1,275,500' 
3,779,830 

765.530 
3.843.560 
1,053,680 

546.000 
2,544,710 
3,557,350 
1,388,340 
3,192,960 
2,314,470 
1,034.840 
2,388.920 
2,047.690 
1,454.180 

696,000 

576.470 

822,990 
2,386,760 
3,057,910 

487,120 
2,372,140 

926,640 
1,745,170 
1,515,180 
4.752,280 
1,976,590 



152,055,390 



Value. 



$48,037,895 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

PRODUCTION OF OATS IN BUSHELS FROM 1850 to 1900. 

(U. S. Census for 1900.) 



17 





Year. | 


Bushels. 


Rank. 




1850 


13,472,742 
15,409,234 
25,347,549 
28,664,505 
40,136,732 
42,050,910 


3 
3 

4 
6 

6 




I860 




1870 




1880 




1890 




1900 









ACREAGE, PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF CORN, WHEAT, OATS. BARLEY 
AND BUCKWHEAT, ARRANGED IN ORDER OF VALUE. AND GIVING 
RANK IN PRODUCTION AND VALUE, FOR CROP OF 1899. 

(U. S. Census Report of 1900.) 



Grain. Acres. 


1 1 
Rank. | Bushels. Rank. 


Value. 


Corn 3 826.013 


7 

3 

6 

13 

16 

10 


152,055.390 

50,376,800 

42,050.910 

1,053,240 

257,120 

164,305 


7 

2 

8 

12 

16 

10 


$48,0.37,895 

32,855,834 

10,236,251 

402 977 


Wheat 3.209,074 


Oats 1,115,149 


Barley 34,058 


Rye 17 583 


128 072 


Buckwheat 13,071 


87,242 



ACREAGE AND PRODUCTION OF SPECIFIED CLASSES OF HAY AND 
FORAGE IN 1899, AND TOTAL VALUE OF SAME. 



Kind. 


Acres. 


Tons. Value. 


Wild, Salt and Prairie grasses 


3,.548 
13.048 
617,516 
2,276,898 
60.813 
40,639 
32,658 


3 563 


Millet and Hungarian grasses 

Clover 


19,552 1 

773 857 


Other cultivated grasses 


2,627,989 

77.749 

123 068 


Grains cut green for hav 


Sown for forage 


Cornstalks 


563,149 1 

1 




Total 


3,047,919 


4,192,871 1 $29,047,919 



Ohio ranks fourth in value of hay and forage crop. 



2— C. H. of O, 



18 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 



PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF CLOVER SEED AND OTHER GRASS SEEDS 

FOR 1899. 



Name. 



Bushels. 



Value. 



Clover seed 

Other grass seed 



Total 



336,318 
52,403 



388,721 



11,358,494 
60,195 



$1,418,689 



Value of Farm Productions for 1899 $257,065,826 

Value of Live Stock on Farms June 1, 1900 125,954,616 



PRODUCTION OF POTATOES FROM 1850 TO 1900. 
(U. S. Census Report of 1900.) 



Years. 


Acres. 


Bushels. 


Value. 


1350 


185,393 
167,590 


5,057,769 
8,695,101 
11,192,814 
12,719,215 
15,804,931 
13,709,238 




I860 




1870 




1880 




1890 




1900a 


$5,750,068 







a Crop of 1899. 

Ohio ranks fifth in value of crop, sixth in acreage, and seventh in production. 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



19 



ACREAGE AND PRODUCTION OF SWEET CORN, TOMATOES, CUCUM- 
BERS AND OTHER VEGETABLES FOR 1899. 

(U. S. Census Report of 1900.) 



Name. 



Acres. 



Bushels. 



Number. 



Bunches. 



Sweet Corn 


16,659 


1,400,772 






Tomatoes 


10,800 


1,853,674 






Cucumbers 

Beets 


1,432 
178 


313,035 
61,621 






Carrots 


80 


30,802 






Parsnips 


47 


14,062 






Radishes 


175 






5,157,410 


Turnips 


64 


15,577 






Green Beans . . 


306 


36,750 






Green Peas 


748 


61,517 






Pumpkins 


75 




142,800 




Squashes 


84 




202,890 




Watermelons . . 


1,959 




2,507,240 




Muskmelons ... 


2,256 




2,660,510 




Cabbages 

Lettuce 


6,970 
190 


93,943 


19,501,140 




Spinach 


22 


6,698 






Asparagus 


118 






226,130 


Celery 


954 






1,575,800 



Ohio ranks third in value of her vegetable productions, which amounted to 

$12,354,407. 

ACREAGE, PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF SWEET POTATOES AND 
ONIONS FOR 1899. 

(U. S. Census of 1900.) 



Name. Acres. | Bushels. 


Value. 


Sweet Potatoes | 3,796 249,767 

Onions | 5,067 1,671,442 


$158,103 
826,212 






1 
Total 1 


$984,315 


1 1 



ACREAGE, PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF TOBACCO IN 1899 AND OTHER 

STATISTICS. 

(U. S. Census of 1900) 



Name. 


1 Acres. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Tobacco 


1 71,422 


65,957,100 

537,160 

2,910 


$4,864,191 


Broom Corn 


1 802 




Hops 1 3 




Willows 1 14 


1,144 







20 CENTENNIAL HISTORY' OF OHIO. 



OHIO STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 



Of all the agencies which have been at work for the last half of the 
century in promoting the interests of agriculture, the most valuable 
has been the Ohio State Board of Agriculture, the establishment of which 
was due to the efforts of some of the most prominent, intelligent, public 
spirited men in the State, who worked together harmoniously to accom- 
plish this end, irrespective of politics or profession. 

The first law that could be classed under "agricultural legislation" 
was passed by the General Assembly February 25, 1833, and was entitled 
"An act to authorize and encourage the establishment of agricultural 
societies in the several counties of the State." The law was amended 
in 1839, t>^it it soon proved inadec^uate to the wants of the agriculturists 
of the State, and on February 2, 1845, "-^ ^^i^l ^or the encouragement of 
agriculture" was introduced in the Senate by Mr. Wetmore, represent- 
ing Portage and Summit counties. Final action was not secured on the 
bill until March 10, near the close of the session (the Legislature ad- 
journed March 13), when it was indefinitely postponed by a vote of 
twelve to thirteen.^ This was a very serious disappointment to the friends 
of the measure, and as a result a State agricultural convention was 
called, to meet in the Senate chamber, Columbus, June 25-26 of that year. 
The convention was well attended by representative agriculturists from 
all parts of the State, and some stirring resolutions were passed, among 
them the following :- 

"Resolved, That the next General Assembly be requested to enact a law 
providing for the election by delegates from the different county or district 
societies, of a permanent State Board of Agriculture, to consist of seven mem- 
bers, residing in different parts of the State, who shall have the general super- 
vision of all plans for the promotion of agriculture throughout the State, give 
instructions for the management of county or district agricultural societies, 
and obtain reports from the same, procure the analysis of soils, lectures, etc., 
and generally perform such acts as may tend to promote improvements in 
agriculture, horticulture and domestic industry, also make an annual report to 
the legislature, embracing an account of their own proceedings, together with 
an abstract of the reports from the county societies. 

"Resolved, That a State Board of Agriculture consisting of nine members 
be elected by this Convention, who shall discharge the duties of said Board, as 
contemplated in the preceding resolution for one year, or until their successors 
be appointed. 

"Resolved, That a committee of ten be appointed by the chair to nominate 
to the Convention suitable persons to constitute said Board." 

A coiumittee was thereupon appointed and the following gentlemen 
were named and dulv elected as a "State Board of Agriculture" : M. L. 



1 Senate Journal 1845, pp. 406, 850, 851. 

2 Ohio Cultivator, 1845 pp. 98-100. 



DETARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



21 



Sullivant, Sanuiel Medarv, Franklin; Allen Trimble, Highland; Green- 
bury Keen, Portage ; Samuel Spangler, Fairfield ; Darius Lapham, Ham- 
ilton ; Dr. J. r. Kirtland, Cuyahog-a ; J. H. Hallock, Jefferson ; Joseph 
\ ance, Champaig;n. The convention adjourned, to meet again at the 
call of the "State Board of Agriculture." 

On the 22d of October, 1845, in response to a call issued "by the 
advice of Messrs. Ridgeway, Aledary and Sullivant," there was a meet- 
ing of the "Ohio State Board of Agriculture," at which it was decided 
to prepare memorials, petitions, etc., for the presentation to the next 
General Assembly. The "Board" adjourned until December loth, on 
which date the committees on agriculture of the two branches of the Leg- 
islature were present, "and a full and free interchange of opinions was 
had in regard to the several plans for the promotion of agriculture con- 
templated in the resolutions and memorial of the State convention and 
the petitions daily coming in from different parts of the State, asking 
for legislative action in behalf of agriculture."^ On December 15, 1845, 
Mr. Wetmore again presented to the Senate "A bill for the encourage- 
ment of agriculture," which, with some changes, was passed February 
27th, 1846, and the act of 1839 to authorize and encourage the estab- 
lishment of agricultural societies in the State was repealed thereby, 
except as to the payment of liabilities incurred. 

This law created the State Board of Agriculture, consisting of fifty- 
three members. 

Section 6 of the act provided that "there shall be held in the city of 
Columbus on the first Wednesday after the first Monday in December 
an annual meeting of the Ohio State Board of Agriculture, together 
with the president of each county agricultural society, etc." 

The Ohio State Board of Agriculture, created by the above named 
act, held its first meeting in the city of Columbus on the first Wednesday 
in April, 1846. in compliance with the provisions of the law. Out 
of the fifty-three members but nine were present, while ten were required 
to make a quorum. We do not find the fact recorded, but, according 
to tradition, a messenger was sent after Mr. Chancy, the member whose 
home was nearest Columbus, and by hard riding during a part of a very 
stormy night Mr. Chancy reached this city before midnight, and a legal 
organization of the Board was effected. Ex-Governor Allen Trimble was 
elected president, Samuel Medary secretary and M. L. Sullivant treasurer. 

The first annual meeting of the Board was held in Columbus Wednes- 
day, December 9, 1846. The roll was called by the secretary, and the 
following members of the Board answered to their names : Allen Trimble, 
Samuel Medary, Darius Lapham, A. E. Strickle, Samuel Meyers, H. N. 
Gillett, Isaac Moore and Arthur Watts. 

Credentials were presented by the following gentlemen as presi- 
dents or delegates of countv societies : Alexander Waddle, of Clark and 



1 Ohio Cultivator, 1845, p. 100. 



22 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 

Madison ; A. Ruff, Greene ; T. B. Fisher, Delaware ; N. Spindler, Knox ; 
W. I. Thomas, Miami; Samuel Meyers, Columbiana; J. F. Beaver, Trum- 
bull; Jonathan Smith, Licking; A. H. Lewis, Portage; J. J. Coombs, 
Gallia ; William Hogue, Belmont. As these delegates were ex-officio 
members of the Board at this meeting, there was a quorum present, and 
the regular business was taken up. 

A resolution was passed, requesting the General Assembly to reduce 
the number of members of the Board. On February 8, 1847, the law 
was amended, and the number of members reduced to ten. The following 
gentlemen were appointed : Allen Trimble, M. L. Sullivant, Samuel Med- 
ary, Darius Lapham, A. E. Strickle, Arthur Watts, M. B. Bateham, John 
Codding, Jared P. Kirtland and Isaac Moore. 

Section 3 of the amended law provided "that the sum of two hundred 
dollars be and the same is hereby appropriated from the treasury for 
the use of the board." 

The annual meetings of the Board were held in December until 
1862, when the time was changed to January, in compliance with the 
amended law of February 20, 1861.. 

The law for the "encouragement of agriculture" w^as again amended 
January 13, 1898. This amendment provides for the election of two 
(instead of five, as under the old law) members of the Board each year, 
and makes the term of service five years (instead of two). 

In 1880 the system of monthly crop reporting by townships was 
inaugurated by the Board. 

In 1 88 1 a law was passed, making the Secretary of the State Board 
of Agriculture the inspector of commercial fertilizers in Ohio. 

May 7, 1902, an act was passed by the General Assembly, constituting 
the State Board of Agriculture the State Board of Live Stock Commis- 
sioners of Ohio, and a few days later an act was passed placing nursery 
and orchard inspection under the control of the Board. 



OHIO STATE FAIR. 

At the annual meeting of the Ohio State Board of Agriculture De- 
cember 6, 1848, it was decided to hold a State Fair in September, 1849, 
at Cincinnati, but owing to an outbreak of cholera in that city during 
the summer it was decided to postpone it for a year. Arrangements 
were made to hold it September 11, 12 and 13, 1850; but another epidemic 
of cholera caused a postponement until October 5, 6 and 7, of that year, 
when the first Ohio State Fair was held at Camp Washington, near Cin- 
cinnati. It was a great success ; the attendance was large and the receipts 
amounted to $8,036.18. The fair was without a permanent home for 
some years. It was held in Columbus in 1851 ; Cleveland, 1852; Dayton, 
1853; Newark, 1854; Columbus, 1855; Cleveland, 1856; Cincinnati, 1857; 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ^6 

Sandusky, 1858; Zanesville, 1859; Dayton, i860, 1861 ; Cleveland, 1862, 
1863; Columbus, 1864, 1865; Dayton, 1866, 1867; Toledo, 1868, 1869; 
Springfield, 1870, 1871 ; Mansfield, 1872, 1873. I" 1874 the State Fair 
was located in Columbus, occupying the grounds of the Franklin County 
Agricultural Society (now Franklin Park) until 1886, when it was 
permanently located on the Ohio State Fair Grounds, comprising one 
hundred and fifteen acres, situated just north of the city. These grounds 
have been improved and beautified and fine buildings erected for the ac- 
commodation of exhibitors in every department. The four live stock 
buildings have the best arrangements for the care and exhibition of 
animals and are the largest and most commodious in the United States. 

The Board has held fairs annually since 1850, except in 1888, when 
the "Ohio Centennial Commission" was authorized to, and did, hold 
its exposition on the State Fair Grounds. 



COUNTY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES. 

That the pioneer farmers of Ohio realized the importance of com- 
bination and association in their work is evidenced by the existence of 
agricultural societies very early in the history of the State. According 
to Hon. Elisha Whittlesey, the Trumbull County Agricultural Society 
was organized in 181 8. In an address delivered before the Mahoning 
County Agricultural Society in i860, he makes the following statement:^ 

"My belief is that the first agricultural society in this State * * * 
was organized in Youngstown. A notice, given at the request of several 
gentlemen interested in agricultural science, was published in the Chron- 
icle, at Warren, on the 26th of November, 181 8, requesting a meeting 
of the farmers of Youngstown and adjacent towns at James Hillman's, 
in Youngstown, on the 2d of December following, for the formation of 
an agricultural society. 'Farmers from a distance are requested to attend, 
as views are entertained that this society will embrace the agricultural 
interests of the whole county.' That notice, I have no doubt, was drawn 
by ]udge George Tod, who was enthusiastically devoted to agriculture, 
horticulture and gardening. * * * On the day appointed the meet- 
ing was held. George Tod, William Rayen and Calvin Pease were ap- 
pointed a committee to prepare and report articles of association. The 
report was made in due time, and the first article was as follows: The 
name of this society shall be The Agricultural Society of Trumbull 
County, and the objects of the society are the promotion and improve- 
ment of agriculture, rural economy and domestic manufactures.' At the 
second meeting George Tod was elected president. The society continued 
in existence four years, and stimulated the farmers, or many of them. 



1 Ohio Agricultural Report, 1860, pp. 426, 427. 



24 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 



to adopt improvements in cultivation ; and the females vied with each 
other in fabricating various articles of domestic wear." This was many 
years before the erection of Mahoning county, which occurred in 1846. 

The Agricultural and Mechanical Society of Washington (Ohio) 
and Wood (Virginia) counties was organized April 28, 1819. The 
association held a fair at Marietta October 18, 1826. A procession 
was formed in front of the court house, and, escorted by a band 
of music, marched to the front of the Congregational church, where 
President Barker delivered an address. A dinner was served and the 
awards were announced after the members of the society had regaled 
themselves. "For many years the court house was used for floral hall, 
and the streets adjacent, or some convenient vacant lots, were used for 
the display of stock." 

The Cincinnati Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, Manu- 
factures and Domestic Economy was organized July 24, 1819, with 
General William Henry Harrison as President. On July 27th the follow- 
ing editorial appeared in Liberty Hall and Cincinnati Gazette: 

"The Association for the Promotion of Agriculture and Domestic 
Manufactures, which was the object of the meeting at the court house 
on the 24th instant, merits the patronage and active co-operation of the 
whole community, and more particularly of those who are engaged in agri- 
cultural pursuits. Town and country, if not equally, are both essentially 
interested in the success of this society, and we think those patriotic citi- 
zens who have set it on foot are entitled to the thanks of the whole 
country." 

The society held a meeting June 2'j, 1820, and agreed upon premiums 
to be offered at their fair, to be held at E. Hutchinson's, on the last Tues- 
day of September, 1820, as follows: 



First. 



Second. I Third. 



For linen, not less than 25 yards in piece | $15.00 

Woolen cloth, not less than 12 yards, and 

three quarters of a yard wide j 15.00 

Bull calves, not more than 1 year old j 15.00 

Heifer calves not more than 1 year old I 10.00 

Milch cows, form of animal, quantity and 

quality of milk to be considered I 15.00 

Merino rams: 

Best full blood | 8.00 

Best half iblood | 5.00 

Common rams, long wool breed I 5.00 

Hogs, best breed, size and proneness to 

fatten early to be considered | 15.00 

Work oxen j 15.00 

Stud colts, not more than 3 years old I 25.00 

Brood mares I 15.00 




$5.00 

5.00 
5.00 
3.00 

5.00 



5.00 
5.00 

5.00 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 25 

From the above it would appear that HaniiUoii county held the first 
fair, and this premium list, the first issued in the State, is worthy of 
preservation. It is valuable for comparison. 

The Ashtabula County Agricultural Society was organized January 
i6, 1823, and the first cattle show and fair was held in Austinburg the 
following October, at which premiums amounting to forty dollars were 
offered. 

The Portage County Agricultural Society was organized May 9, 1825, 
at Ravenna, and the first fair was held October i8th of the same year. 

The Athens County Agricultural Society was organized in 1828, 
and the following is the preamble to the constitution of the society ■} 

"We, whose names are annexed, convinced of the benefits resulting to 
communities from the operations of well regulated agricultural societies, in 
the means and facilities afforded by them for the attainment and diffusion of 
useful, practical information, and the spirit of emulation and improvement in 
the culture of the soil and the domestic manufacture of its products, do form 
ourselves into an Association for the above mentioned purposes, to be called 
the Athens County Agricultural Society." 

The first fair was held at Athens in October of the same year. 

A number of counties organized societies under the law of 1833, but 
it was not until the passage of the law of 1846, which created the Ohio 
State Board of Agriculture and placed county societies under its care and 
management, that a general interest was manifested ; the old societies 
promptly reorganized under the new law and in a few years every county 
in the State had its agricultural society. 



1 History of Athens County, p. 183. 



26 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 



FARMERS' INSTITUTES. 



Farmers' institutes have aided greatly in the education of the farmers 
of Ohio. The institute idea was suggested by that Hfe-long friend of 
agriculturists, Dr. Norton S. Townshend. Under date of February 15, 
1845, l''G made the following suggestions:^ 

"Had we a State Agricultural Society, with a good board of managers, or 
should the Legislature constitute a State Board of Agriculture, then either of 
these might select a sufficient number of competent individuals to lecture on 
all the sciences having relations with agriculture. To one lecturer might be 
assigned Geology and Mineralogy, with their relations to draining, well-digging, 
etc., etc.; to another Chemistry, with its innumerable applications; to another 
Botany and Vegetable Physiology as applied to gardening, orcharding, and 
field culture; to another lecturer. Zoology, Comparative Anatomy and Physiol- 
ogy, showing their bearing upon the management of domestic animals; to an- 
other the principles of Pathology and Therapeutics and their relation to the 
tieatment of the diseases of animals, and all the operations of a surgical nature 
which the farmer is required to perform; then to another Natural Philosophy 
and the application of its principles in the perfecting of farming implements, 
etc., etc. 

"And why will not all who are qualified commence lecturing in their own 
neighborhoods, and invite their neighbors to hear? Immense good might be 
done; at any rate, an interest could be excited if nothing more." 

Mr. M. B. Bateham, editor of the Ohio Cultivator (later a member 
of the State Board of Agriculture), in the issue of October 15, 1846, says: 

"In regard to lectures, we hope that the State Board will take some action 
upon the subject, and that several competent persons may be engaged to lec- 
ture in different parts of the State, where desired, during the coming winter. 
We know of no way by which more good could be accomplished at the present 
time." 

The State Board of Agriculture at its second meeting, held October 
28, 1846, adopted the following resolution : ^ 

"Resolved, Tliat the Board respectfully and earnestly ask gentlemen pos- 
sessing the requisite knowledge of science and agriculture, in different parts 
of the State, to assist in the great work of promoting agricultural improvement 
by delivering lectures to farmers, as they may be desired or have opportunity, 
especially during the season of fall and winter, and in places where clubs or 
societies may be formed for such purposes." 

No definite action was taken for a long time, but during all these years 
Dr. Townshend was teaching the doctrine of higher education for the 
farmer with unflagging zeal in addresses to county agricultural societies, 
farmers' clubs, etc. We cannot refrain from quoting here a paragraph 



1 Ohio Cultivator, 1845, p. 31. 

2 Ohio Agricultural Report, 1846, pp. 17, 18. 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 27 

from an address delivered by him at the annual meeting of the State 
Board of Agriculture held in 1874:^ 

"What we want is to abandon tlie old idea that farming has no higher aim 
than getting a living, and instead of it to adopt the better one that the chief end 
of farming is the culture and improvement of the farmer and his family; and 
while it does this, it should, as a secondary result, give support and pay ex- 
penses. Farming needs a new departure, or to take a new start, and with a 
higher aim and purpose, so that it may secure to the farmer the same improve- 
ment in intellectual and social position that men expect to secure through the 
professions of law or medicine. These professions educate men by their daily 
work, and so will farming when taken hold of in earnest and in the right way." 

In 1880 Dr. W. I. Chamberlain was elected secretary of the State 
Board of Agriculture, and in an address to the Board, made September 
14, 1880, he asked for definite authority "to co-operate with county or 
other local agricultural societies and granges in calling and organizing 
farmers' institutes or agricultural conventions during the present fall 
and winter. My own work would be to attend and address such meet- 
ings, take part in the discussions and secure in advance competent lec- 
turers and speakers, so as to create interest, insure the success of the meet- 
ings, diffuse agricultural information and help secure better results in 
agriculture all through our State. This plan of holding farmers' insti- 
tutes has been pursued in Michigan for a number of years with the most 
beneficial results." 

A resolution was at once adopted appropriating one thousand dollars 
($1,000) out of the earnings of the State Fair for the purpose of inaugu- 
rating farmers' institutes in Ohio, and during the winter of 1 880-8 r the 
good work began. Twenty-seven institutes were held during the winter 
with three speakers. President Edward Orton and Dr. N. S. Townshend, 
of the Ohio State University, and Secretary W. I. Chamberlain. 

The interest manifested in these institutes by the farmers of the State 
was very encouraging to the friends of agriculture, and on March 22, 1881, 
the General Assembly increased the appropriation for the encouragement 
of agriculture one thousand dollars ($i,ooo) to enable the Board to carry 
on the work. 

On April 26, 1890, the General Assembly passed "An Act to provide 
for the organization and support of farmers' institute societies." This 
law provided from the general fund of each county a per capita allowance 
of five mills, but not to exceed two hundred dollars in any county; two- 
fifths of this amount to go to the State Board of Agriculture for the 
payment of per diem and expenses of speakers appointed by the Board, 
and three-fifths to go to the local societies for their expense's. 

This substantial recognition of the work gave fresh impetus to it. 
During the season of 1895-96, one hundred and fifty-seven regular farm- 
ers' institutes were held under the auspices of the Board, and eighty- 



1 Ohio Agricultural Report, 1874, p. 115. 



28 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 

seven counties took part in the work. But the Board had now reached 
that point where it was impossible, with the means at its command, to 
increase the number of institutes, although the demand was constantly 
growing. Again the General Assembly came to its aid, and on the 27th 
of April, 1896, amended the "Act providing for the organization and 
support of farmers' institute societies," making the per capita allowance 
six mills, instead of five mills, and dividing it equally between the State 
Board of Agriculture and the local societies, limiting the amount available 
in any county to two hundred and fifty dollars. 

In 1902-03 there were two hundred and forty, two-day, farmers' insti- 
tutes held, with an average attendance of seventy-three thousand nine 
hundred and twenty-one and a total expense of sixteen thousand, five 
hundred and ten dollars and seventy-five cents. 

In addition to the regular farmers' institutes held under the auspices 
of the State Board of Agriculture, a large number of independent insti- 
tutes have been held each year, some of which have reported to this depart- 
ment, but many have failed to do so, hence we are unable to give even an 
approximate estimate of the number of independent meetings held. 

The State Farmers' Institute held its first session in Columbus, 
Tuesday, January 11, 1887 (the annual meeting of the State Board of 
Agriculture was held on the 12th) and it has held annual two-day sessions 
in Columbus since that time during the week of the annual meeting of 
the Board. No county institutes are held during the continuance of the 
State Institute ; this gives all interested an opportunity of attending it. 
A good program is always provided and the farmers, horticulturists and 
stock breeders of the State are present in large numbers. 

It would be imposible to estimate the good that has resulted from 
the work of the Ohio State Board of Agriculture, either directly as a 
department of agriculture, or indirectly through farmers' institutes, state 
and county fairs, county agricultural societies, etc., in raising the standard 
of agriculture, in improving live stock of all classes, farm products, fruits, 
methods of cultivation, increasing production, etc., etc. 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION, 



29 



Ex-Governor Allen Trimble, President of the State Board of Agri- 
culture for several years, was an earnest advocate of agricultural educa- 
tion, and in his report to the Board for 1848 he says :^ 

"I cannot close this report without again calling the attention of the Gen- 
eral Assembly and our farming population to the importance and necessity, if 
we should succeed in our undertaking, ol elevating agriculture among us to 
its true dignity and importance, by providing some efficient means of preparing 
our young^ men, at least, for adopting a more improved and perfect system of 
agriculture." 

In 1854 the first step was taken in this direction when the Ohio 
Agricultural College was established at Oberlin, and arrangements were 
made to deliver winter courses of lectures, anually, to young farmers 
on the branches of science most intimately coimected with agriculture. 
There were four departments in charge of the following gentlemen r 

"Dr. James Dascomb, chemistry in its application to soils, manures, 
animal and vegetable life, domestic arts, etc. 

"Dr. N. S. Townshend, comparative anatomy and physiology, with 
special reference to the feeding and breeding of stock ; history and 
description of domestic animals ; veterinary medicine and surgery, ento- 
mology, etc. 

"Dr. John S. Newberry, geology and mineralogy, botany, etc. 

"Professor James H. Fairchild, natural philosophy; agricultural 
mechanics ; farm implements ; meteorology ; elements of engineering and 
land surveying; rural architecture; landscape gardening and farm book- 
keeping." 

Only a few young men took advantage of these lectures at Oberlin, 
so during the winters of 1855 and 1856 they were held in Cleveland, but 
evidently with no better success, as they were then discontinued. 

In 1833 ~\Ir. Freeman G. Gary opened what was known as Pleasant 
Hill Academy. After operating this academy for a number of years, Mr. 
Gary decided to change the name of the institution to "Farmers' College" 
and adopt a course of study for the education of the young farmers of the 
State. To defray the expenses of this undertaking, "a fund was raised 
by the sale of shares, a suitable farm was purchased, commodious build- 
ings erected and a large attendance of pupils secured.'' In Septem- 

1 Ohio Agricultural Report, 1848, p. 15. 

2 Ohio Cultivator, 18.54, p. 286. 

3 Howe's Historical Collections, vol. 1, p. 108. 



30 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 

ber, 1856, the agricultural department of the Farmers' College, at College 
Hill, Ohio, went into operation under three appropriate professorships. 
The Ohio Agriculaural and Mechanical College opened its doors for 
the reception of students in 1873, with ten departments, agriculture head- 
ing the list. In 1878 the General Assembly passed an act changing the 
name from the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College to the Ohio 
State University, and the department of agriculture has become the College 
of Agriculture and Domestic Science, offering to the student six courses 
of study : 



A four years' course in Agriculture. 

A four years' course in Horticulture and Forestry. 

A two years' course in Agriculture and Horticulture. 

A winter term's course in Dairying. 

A four years' course in Domestic Science. 

A two years' course in Domestic Science. 



The student in this college is not only given a scientific course of 
study, but also a thoroughly practical training. He is taught to analyze the 
soil and study its physical properties ; the best manner of tillage and the 
most improved methods of drainage and irrigation ; the management of 
live stock, etc., etc. 

An act was passed by the General Assembly of Ohio, April 17, 1882, 
authorizing the establishment of an agricultural experiment station. A 
few days later Governor Charles Foster appointed the three members 
of the Board of Control, who were called together on April 25th, when they 
effected an organization by the election of proper officers, and Professor 
W. R.. Lazenby was appointed director. The trustees of the Ohio State 
University, having offered the free use of necessary land, of laboratories, 
apparatus, implements, etc., the station was located on the University 
grounds. The first annual report, which was made in 1882, gave an 
account of the work accomplished during the year and stated that the 
station was "prepared to test varieties ; to analyze and test fertilizers 
and manures, soils, water, milk, cattle foods, etc. ; to examine seeds that 
are suspected of being unsound or adulterated ; to identify and name weeds 
and other plants ; to investigate and describe, when known, the habits of 
injurious and beneficial insects, and other work of a similar character that 
properly comes within its province." 

In 1892 the station was removed to Wooster, where it is now pleas- 
antly located and is well equipped for its work. 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 31 



THE OHIO STATE GRANGE. 



The Ohio State Grange was organized in 1872 and it has demon- 
strated to the farmers of Ohio the advantages of organization and co-opera- 
tion. Women are admitted to full membership, and fathers, mothers and 
children are often members of the same society. The National Grange, 
which was organized some years previous to this branch, declares its 
purpose to be : "To develop a better and higher manhood and womanhood 
among ourselves, to enhance the comforts and attractions of our homes 
and strengthen our attachments to our pursuits, to foster mutual under- 
standing and co-operation, to maintain inviolate our laws, and to emulate 
each other in labor to hasten the good time coming, etc." 

The outlook for the farmer of Ohio today is very encouraging. The 
university, the experiment station, the institute, the literature furnished 
by the State and the United States, the agricultural papers, the circulating 
library, the agricultural and scientific publications (many of which are 
within reach of the most modest income) furnish abundant mental 
stimulus for him ; while the State and county fairs illustrate the progress 
that is being made, and make a supplemental training. The grange, the 
club and the society are all no doubt beneficial in many ways, but one 
of their most valuable offices is the cultivation of the social side of the 
farmer; and Mother Nature, if she is but given an opportunity, will train 
the aesthetic side. 

Fertile farms, improved machinery and fine stock ; cozy, comfort- 
able homes, with all modern conveniences ; interurban railways and 
telephones ; free rural delivery ; centralized schools, district high schools, 
free circulating libraries, all combine to make the position of the Ohio 
agriculturist of 1903 an enviable one. 



82 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 



HISTORY OF HORTICULTURE IN OHIO. 



Many of the early immigrants to the Northwest Territory brought 
with them, from their old homes, young fruit trees — apples, peaches, 
pears, cherries — or grafts from some choice varieties. 

One of the oldest orchards west of the Alleghany Mountains was 
planted on the Dana farm, at Marietta, in 1790. 

The first nurseries were established in 1790, one on Wheeling Island, 
by Ebenezer Zane, and the other opposite the mouth of Yellow Creek, by 
Jacob Nessley, w^ho was the first person in the w^est to propagate new 
varieties of apples. He cultivated grafted fruit trees for sale. The 
"Gate" apple originated on his farm. "Zane's Greening," "Western 
Spy," "Ohio Redstreak," and "Bently Sweet" originated in Belmont 
county, and the "Gulp," "Wells" and "Golden Pippin" in Jefferson 
county, "Johnson's Sweet" in Harrison county and the "Goff" in Lo- 
gan county. 

In 1796, Israel Putnam, Jr., returned to New England, and while 
there secured grafts of the choicest apples there, most of them having 
been taken from the celebrated old orchard on the estate of General Israel 
Putnam, at Pom fret, Conn. Upon their arrival at Marietta they were 
put into the hands of his brother, Mr. Aaron W. Putnam, for him to 
distribute and graft a nursery of seedling stock for himself and his 
brother. The following is a list of the grafts brought to Ohio by Mr. 
Putnam •} 

Putnam Russet. Striped Sweeting. 

Seek-no-farther. Honey Greening. 

Early Chandler. Kent Pippin. 

Late Chandler. Cooper Apple. 

Gilliflower (red). Striped Gilliflower. 

Pound Royal. Black Gilliflower. 

Natural (Seedling). Prolific Beauty. 

Rhode Island Greening. Queening. 

Yellow Greening. English "Pearman. 

Golden Pippin. Green Pippin. 

Long Island Pippin. Spitzenberg. 
Tallman's Sweeting. 

Another pioneer nurseryman was John Chapman, familiarly known 
as "Johnny Appleseed." As early as 1806 we hear of hinr "on the Ohio 
River with two canoe loads of appleseeds, gathered from the cider presses 
of w^estern Pennsylvania, and wdth these he planted nurseries along the 

1 This list was given to Mr. Bateham, editor of the "Ohio Cultivator," by W. 
R. Putnam, a son of Mr. W. A. Putnam, and was published in the "Cultivator" 
in 1846. 

2 Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society's Publications, vol. IX, p. 291. 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 33 

Muskingum River and its tributaries." He planted his first nursery on 
George's Run. in JetTerson county. 

Most of the early orchards in the Western Reserve were from seed- 
ling trees, but later, as opportunity offered, the trees bearing indifferent 
fruit were grafted. Mr. Dille, of Euclid, at an early date grafted his 
orchard with choice varieties of fruit, and from these many others ob- 
tained grafts. Judge Fuller came at an early date from New York, and 
brought manv varieties of fruit with him. which were widely distributed 
through the northern part of the State. George Hoadly was another 
prominent horticulturist of that day ; he made a specialty of the pear, and 
was probably the first to cultivate it to any great extent. 

In 1824 Profess(ir J. P. Kirtland and his brother established a nursery 
at Poland, which was then located in d'ruml)ull county. They brought 
from New England over one hundred of the best varieties of apples, cher- 
ries, peaches, pears, etc. ; and a year or two later the\- brought over one 
hundred varieties from New Jersey and others were secured from New 
York. Dr. Kirtland, by his system of hybridization, produced over thirty 
varieties of cherries. 

Mr. Andrew H. Ernst, of Gincinnati. another active horticulturist, 
introduced about six hundretl varieties of. apples and about seven hundred 
varieties of pears, the object being to test by experience the varieties best 
adapted to the soil and climate of Ohio. 

About 1818 Mr. Nicholas Longworth, of Gincinnati, planted his 
first vinevards, using the Schuylkill or Gape grape. This experiment was 
not a success, and in 1823 he succeeded in securing a native vine — the 
Gatawba — in the possession of Major Adlum, of (ieorgetown, D. G., which 
was very promising as a wine graj^e. We may therefore call Mr. Long- 
Avorth the founder of the Gatawba grape and wine industry in Ohio. He 
was an enthusiast in the work. He had at one time over one hundred 
varieties of grapes growing in his vineyards for experimental purposes 
alone. 

Mr. Longworth was also very successful in the cultivation of the 
strawberry, and he was the first to make known to the world the value 
of planting the pistillate and the staminate plants. Among the im])roved 
varieties of the strawberry produced by him are the Extra Red, .Sujx'rior 
and Prolific. 

The first movement t(iward the organization of a State association, 
was a call for a convention of nurserymen and fruit growers, to be held 
in Columbus, in 1847, and the ( )hio State Pomological Society was organ- 
ized. In i8()7 the (^hio State Pomological Society united wiih the (irape 
(irowers' Association, and the more comprehensive title was adoj)ted. 
by which it is now known, the Ohio State Horticultural Society. 

The horticultural interests of the State have had a steadv growth. 
In addition to the State association, there have been manv count)- and 

s-c. H. of o. 



34 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 



city societies organized, all laboring with the same object in view — 
improvement in every line of their work. Horticulture has been given a 
place in the curriculum of our institutions of learning. It now has a 
department assigned it in all the agricultural journals and in many family 
newspapers. 

Recognizing the importance of the fruit industry, and realizing the 
necessity of aiding the horticulturists of the State in checking the ravages 
of insect pests and dangerous communicable diseases, the General Assem- 
bly passed an act on April 14, 1900, creating a division of nursery and 
orchard inspection, placing it under the control of the Ohio Agricultural 
Experiment Station, at Wooster. But in 1902 the division was, by legis- 
lative enactment, transferred to the Ohio State Board of Agriculture. Mr. 
A. F. Burgess was appointed chief inspector and entered upon the duties 
of the office May 15, 1902. The following information relative to the work 
accomplished by the chief inspector and his assistants has been secured from 
his report of the work from May 15 to December 31, 1902: 

Number of nurseries Inspected from July 10 to Dec. 31 239 

Number of certificates issued to nurserymen 231 

Number of trees and shrubs destroyed oa premises by owners 5,000 

Nursery stock condemned and destroyed by owners: 

Trees 14,633 

Shrubs , 303 

Trees, shrubs, plants and vines fumigated 537,429 

According to the United States Census Report for 1900, Ohio ranks 
fourth in the value of her fruit products. The valuation for 1899 was 
$8,911,220, California, New York and Pennsylvania only exceeding this 
amount. 

The following tables, made up from the Census Report for 1900, may 
be of interest in this connection : 

NUMBER OF ORCHARD TREES, QUANTITIES OF FRUITS AND TOTAL 
VALUE OF ORCHARD PRODUCTS IN OHIO FOR 1899. 



Fruit. 



Trees. 



Bushels. 



I Barrels. I Pounds. | Value. 



Apples I 12,952,625 



Apricots 

Cherries 

Peaches & nectarines 

Pears 

Plums and prunes 

LTnclassified 

Cider 

Vinegar 

Dried and evaporated 
fruits 



5,348 

697,270 

6,363,127 

921,412 

892,441 

61,579 



All orchard products. 



20,617,480 

449 

192,954 

240,686 

244,565 

81,435 

21,704 



400,578 
71,901 



1,191,170 



5,141,118 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



35 



NUMBER OF GRAPEVINES, WITH PRODUCT AND VALUE FOR 1899. 

Number of vines 13,772,800 

Pounds of grapes 79,173,873 

Gallons of wine 350^615 

Total value of grapes and wine $992,745 

VALUE, ACREAGE AND PRODUCTION OF SPECIFIED KINDS OF SMALL 

FRUITS IN 1899. 



Fruit. 


Acres. 


Quarts. 


Rank. 


Total Value. 


Rank. 


Blackberries and 
dewberries 


3,397 
765 
539 

6,795 

9,373 

252 


4,905,430 

1,153,920 

767,760 

8,745,950 

17,916,080 

246,890 


5 
4 
5 

3 
3 


1 

1 
$1,767,357 




Currants 




Gooseberries 




Raspberries and 

Logan berries 

Strawberries 




Unclassified 

Total value of small fruits 


2 



NURSERY FARMS, NUMBER, VALUE AND PRODUCT IN 1899. 

Number of nursery farms 147 

Value of farm property $1,163,545 

Amount of sales of nursery products 538,012 

FLOWER AND PLANT FARMS, NUMBER, VALUE AND PRODUCT IN 1899. 

Number of flower and plant farms 505 

Value of farm property $2,970,336 

Amount of sales of flowers and plants 1,399,957 



BOARD OF LIVE STOCK COMMISSIOXERS OF OHIO. 



On June 4, 1902, Dr. Paul Fischer was appointed State veterinarian 
by the Board of Live Stock Commissioners of Ohio, and from his report 
for this year we get the following information : 

There was an outbreak of Texas fever near Piqua. Forty-two head 
of cattle were exposed on six farms, where the southern cattle had been 
pastured ; seventeen died ; a number of others were attacked, but recovered. 

One case of glanders was brought to the notice of the Board, and the 
animal was voluntarily destroyed by the owner. 

A few herds of cattle in Ohio have been tested with tuberculin at the 
request of owners, and the results of these tests indicate that tubercu- 
losis exists, particularly in the dairy districts and in the vicinity of the 
large cities. 

An outbreak of infectious keratitis occurred in Ohio from a herd 
of imported Canadian cattle, but it was controlled by quarantine. 

Three flocks of sheep reported as afifected with scab. 

A small number of cases of actinomycosis. 

One carload of cattle exposed to anthrax was shipped from Ken- 
tucky. The car was held in quarantine and no damage restilted. 

Two supposed outbreaks of blackleg were reported. 



36 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 



L1\E STUCK— HORSES. 



It is a very difficult matter to trace clearly the horse stock of Oliio 
to its source. At a very early day good horses were introduced into 
different portions of the State, but previous to the introduction of rail- 
ways most of the stock bred in Ohio, which gave any indication ot 
superiorit}", was sent at once to the eastern market. 

The Marietta settlers l)rouiiht the first horses inlo ( Jhio, l)ut about 
1807 the introduction pro|)er began in the central and eastern portion 
of the State. These horses were all of large size, heavy and slow in 
their movements ; they were chiefly from Pennsylvania and of the breed 
known as the Conestoga — probably of Flemish origin. We are indebtetl 
to two religious sects — the Dtmkards and the Mennonites — whose mem- 
bers are agriculturists, for the best strains of these heavy draft horses. 

The h'rench l)egan to settle in Stark county as early as 1828, and 
they brottght with them some excellent crosses of the Xorman horse. 
Prior to 1830, horses claiming to be of "Selim," "Florizel," "Eclipse," 
"Post P>oy," and "Tiiiioleon" stock were to be found in that county. 
These, crossed with the Xorman and the Conestoga, produced an excellent 
class of horses for farm ptirposes. 

The Virginians brought with them the lighter and better ])reeds. 
"Of the blooded stock first brought to the Scioto A^alley region," savs 
Col. S. D. Harris, in his contribution to Frank Forester's "History of 
the Horse in America," "were several mares introduced from the South 
P)ranch of the Potomac. \'a.. b\- John L Wan Meter, and later, the stal- 
lion 'Spread Eagle,' from the same region." A few fine saddle horses 
of the "Diomel" stock came from the same quarter. 

The horse known as "Printer," introduced into Fairfield county, 
was "a longish bodied, low and very muscular animal," a breed which old 
Mr. \'an Meter said he "knew when a boy in Mrginia and which are 
nearly identical with the present Morgan stock." It is said that many 
of these animals were excellent cjuarter nags, good in short races. 

In Steubenville and vicinity the stallion ".SalisbtU'y." a large French 
draft horse, was bred to the good Flemish and Conestoga mares of the 
Pennsylvania wagoners who did the most of the "carrying business" in 
that day. 

Two other famous stallions of this region were "Slnlock," of medi- 
um size and a good roadster, and "Pirate," smaller in size and of good 
running stock. 



DKI'ARTMKNT UF A(.;KlCLLTlKi:. ^7 

Tlien came tlic classes of horses scattered all over eastern Ohio and 
western \ irginia. the "Tuckahoe," the "Hiatogo," and the ■"Tiniolcon." 
well-knit, livelx', serviceal)lc horses. 

in northern ( )hi(\ which received its eniii^ration from the Xorth- 
eastern States, the horse stock showed more ill hreedini;- than in any 
other i)art of the Stale. '■'rhe\' seemed Iv) he, in too many instances, 
the most scrnb hreedin;.;- from rnn-ont l'ji,i;lish a.nd Idemish mares, 
showin;;- a ^real nnnd)er of narrow-chested. leL;\t;y, pale dnn and sorrel 
animals, withont constitntion or action. Many of the iirst settlers 
hrou_2:ht tolera1)l\- .^ood teams with them, hnt for want of snitahle stal- 
lions the race was not kept U[\"^ 

Abont 1840, the stallion "JSellfounder," foaled in 1832 in Xew ^^)rk, 
and owned l)v T. T. Kissam, was sent to Cleveland hy Lewis h". Allen ; 
from there he was taken to sonthwestern ( )hio, where he stood for al)ont 
two years; thence he was taken to central ( )hio. .\ lar^e nnmher of 
verv fine colts were secured from him which were of oreat value in <le- 
Aelopint;- the horse stock of ( )hio ; the\- jiroved to he the best carriat^'e 
and lioiu harness stock in that part of the State. Abont this time dov. 
Allen Trimble, of Ilij^hland county, was engaged in propagating 
"Eclipse" stock in great ])urity, ])roducing a class of stylish carriage 
horses. Soon after, "Cadmus."" sire of the famous mare " 1 'ocahontas."' 
a-ul also of "Walker Cadmus," was taken into Warren county for the 
pnrnose of im])roving the horse stock in that region. 

In 1847 Alessrs. William H. and James I). Ladd, of Jeiiferson count}-, 
br':)Ught from \'ermont an excellent Morgan stallion, "Afc^rgan Tiger,"" 
sired b\- "lUack llawk"" out of a Sherman Morgan mare. This was ])rob- 
al)l\- the first of the .American stock brought west for breeding ])ur])oses. 

.V little later Air. X. I*'. Austin,, of Trumbull county, introduced 
another Morgan stallion. 

In 1841; an association of farmers in I^rie count}' introduced the 
Morgan stallion "Messenger,"" making the third .Morgan horse in the 
State, and this stock ])rove(l among the best of that famc^us race. The 
earh' Morgan horse was well adajited for all work, and was active, 
gentle, hard}- and docile, spirited in actio'i and graceful in movement. 

In 1829 or i8_^o ( lovernors Mc.\rthur and Trimble brought from 
\ irginia sc^ne fine thoroughbred stock, descendants of old "Sir .Archie"' 
and the "Medlex's." Tlie\- had established a large stock farm in Ross 
count}', near I'hillicothe, for raising thoroughbred stock. 

The first imjioriation of Xorman stallions was made in 1851. Dr.' 
I'rown, of Circleville. who visited the \\-orld"s fair during this year, 
brought home with him "XormaiuK."" a two }ear old stallion, better 
known as "( )ld I'.ill,"" and Alessrs. h'ullington & Alartin, of Alilford, 
imported the gray colt "Louis Xapoleon." A third im])ortation. was 



1 Ohio Agricultural Report, 1857. 



38 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 

made in 1854, when Messrs. Groton & Martin succeeded in securing the 
bay stalHon "RolHn." By the judicious crossing of these Norman stalHons 
upon the best of the Flemish mares, a class of fine, large draft horses 
was produced. 

The Scioto Valley Horse Company imported "White Hall," and the 
Butler County Horse Company secured "Gray Highlander" and "Victor" 
from Kentucky. 

The next important importation was that of the Darby Plains Im- 
porting Company, of Union county, and was made in 1857. They secured 
"Defiance," an English draft stallion ; "Eber," a Cleveland Bay stallion; 
"Lady Sykes," a thoroughbred mare; "Niger," a Clydesdale stallion; 
"Young Sir Tatton," a thoroughbred stallion ; "Hiram," a Cleveland Bay 
stallion; "Mickey Free," a thoroughbred stallion; two Norman stallions 
and a Norman mare with foal. This was the first importation of Cleve- 
land Bays,^ Clydesdales or English draft horses. At the close of the year 
1857 the Morgan, French draft, Percheron and Bellfounder breeds were 
well established and were really the only strains in service in Ohio. 

Road horses for all work were mostly the produce of early impor- 
tations from the old States of New York, New Jersey, Maryland and 
Virginia; the best are the descendants of imported "Messenger," "Dio- 
mel" and "Expedition." Draft horses were generally of the old Penn- 
sylvania stock." 

As early as 1825 there were a few race tracks. Annual fall meetings 
were held at Cincinnati, Chillicothe, Dayton and Hamilton. By 1838 
there were fifteen regular race courses in the State. 

Within the last thirty or forty years the breeding of running, trot- 
ting and pacing horses has become very popular. 



CATTLE. 



The cattle interests of the State were not neglected by the pioneers. 
Many of the early settlers brought their cows with them, but it is not 
probable that there were any thoroughbreds among them. 

According to Hon. Elisha Whittlesey,-^ Judson Canfield, in 1803, 
sent a red bull of the Holderness stock — three-fourths pure blood — to 
Mahoning county, and this was, no doubt, the first improved, blooded 
animal brought to Ohio. 

In 1804 Captain Jonathan Fowler, of Poland, took to the Philadelphia 



1. Ohio Agricultural Report, 1857, pp. 35G-358. 

2 Ibid. 

3 Ohio Agricultural Report, 1860, p. 425. 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 39 

market quite a large drove of cattle, which had been purchased of Gen- 
eral Wadsworth, James Doud and others in Canfield.^ 

In 1805 Mr. George Renick, of Chillicothe, fed a lot of cattle and 
drove them to Baltimore, and those who saw the cattle on their way 
to market were much surprised at their fine condition. 

The question of disposing of their cattle was thus settled very early in 
the history of the State, and for many years from fifteen thousand to 
sixteen thousand head, worth over $600,000, were driven annually to the 
eastern markets. The driving commenced about the middle of February, 
and continued until about the middle of June. The stock was sent out in 
lots of one hundred. Flint, in his "Letters from America," says of a 
drove of these cattle: "Saw a drove of large cattle on their way from 
the State of Ohio for Philadelphia. Their condition is good, the length 
of the journey taken into consideration. In size, and even fat, they are 
much superior to the Pennsylvania stock." 

Mr. Patton, of Kentucky, procured several of the imported "Short- 
horn," or milk breed, of cattle, which had been brought to Maryland 
from England in 1783, and introduced some of this stock into Ohio be- 
tween 1807 '^"d 1810, the first being bought by Mr. D. Walton and taken 
to Warren county. It is very probable that some of the best cattle in 
Southern Ohio were the descendants of this stock and of the bulls "Phito" 
and "Shaker," which were imported by Mr. Patton a few years later. 

An early history of the cattle trade in Ohio gives a good idea of 
the condition of this business in the State previous to 1834. There 
were four distinct sections of native breeds, each with qualities peculiar 
to itself. 

The cattle of the Hocking or hill district.- which extended from the 
eastern margin of the Scioto valley eastward indefinitel}% were healthy, 
hardy and compact, but too small and without room for improvement 
for profit. 

The Adams and Highland county cattle, known by the general 
name of P.rush Creek cattle, were a little larger than the Hocking, and 
were also healthy, hardy and early fattened, and their general good 
qualities almost made up for their inferior size. 

In Fayette and Madison counties and parts of Clark and Cham- 
paign counties the stock was known as the Barren cattle. They were 
much larger than the Brush Creek breed, but they were loose-made, 
harder to fatten and subject to disease. 

In the Scioto valley counties there were all sorts of cattle, from the 
common scrub to the full blooded Patton ; it was a heterogeneous collection 
and was indescribable. 



1 Agricultural Report 1860, p. 446. 

2 Burkett's History of Ohio Agriculture, p. 110. 



40 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 

Horses were often difficult to procure, and steers and oxen were 
trained to perform a part of the labor of the farm. The following de- 
scription of an ox team on the ^Mahoning county fair grrounds as late 
as 1859 is of considerable interest ■} 

"The casual observer could not fail to notice the team of thirty-eight 
yoke of steers and oxen before a timber wagon. * * * It entered tlie 
ground in good style, each pair gently ])ressing forward, so that no 
chain was slack. Military officers never marched a corps of men into a 
field for parade or Ijattle with greater precision." 

The first importation of thoroughbred cattle into Ohio direct from 
England was in 1834. under the auspices of the Ohio Breeding and Im- 
porting Company. 

( )n the 2(1 (^f November, 1833,- Governor .Alien Trimble, George 
Renick and ( iencral Duncan IMcArthur, citizens of the State of (Ihio, 
for the purpose of promoting the interests of agriculture and of intro- 
ducing an improved breed of cattle into the State, formed a company 
and contributed an amount of mone\- necessarx to import from England 
some of the best improved cattle of that country. The sum of nine thou- 
sand two hundred dollars ($9,200) was very soon subscribed for the 
purpose, in ninety-two shares of one hundred dollars ($100) each. After 
making the necessary arrangements, the comjianv a])pointed Felix Ren- 
ick. of Ross county, their agent for the purchase and importation of 
said cattle. 

Mr. Renick and his assistants proceeded to England, made a careful 
examination of nnich of the improved stcxdc of that country and made 
])urchases from some of the most celebrated and successful cattle breeders 
in England of about nineteen bulls and cows of thoroughbred Shorthorn 
and Durham stock. They brought these cattle to Ohio, returning in time 
to exhil)it them under the auspices of the Ross Comity Agricultural 
Society on the 31st (^f ( )ctol)er, 1834. The stock was sold in 1836. At 
a meeting of the com])any, held at Chillicothe in 1837. ^''"^ business was 
closed and a dividend of two hundred and eighty dollars ($280) per 
share was declared on the ninety-two shares of the stock of the company. 

The Clark Count) Importing Companx' and the Madison Count v 
Importing Company were organized in 1854, and made some importa- 
tions of thoroughl)red cattle. 

The first record we have of pure bred Devon cattle being broughl 
into the State," was in 1842, when John (Ossawatomie) Brown imported 
from England some thoroughbred Devonshire cattle. Later, Air. C. A. 



1 Ohio Agricultural Report 1860. 425. 

2 Ohio Agricultural Report 1857. 361. 

3 Burkett's History of Ohio Agriculture, p. 113. 



DFJ'ART.MEXr OF ACRICTI-TURE. 41 

Elv, of Elyria. purchased seven Devon cows, eig'lit calves and one bull of 
C. H. Ci'i]>pen, of Michigan. 

The first direct importation of Hereford cattle into Ohio was about 
1852 or 1853, bv ^Messrs. Thomas Aston and |ohn Humi)hreys. of Elyria. 
who imported two Hereford bidls and two heifers of very fine stock. 
In 1853 -^'''- ^•'- ''• Kinnew of ( )berlin, jjurchased a fine four year old 
Hereford bull, that was secured from the liest stock in England. 

In 1848 Mr. E. A. Unown. of North lUoomfield, Trumbull count). 
l)urchased a jiremium bull and cow of the .\\rshirc breed at the lUitfalo 
fair, and in 1849 Messrs. \V. H. Ladd and J. R. ('uuningiiam, of Rich- 
mond. JelTerson countv, l)ought an Ayrshire bud, cow and heifer from 
E. P. Prentiss, of Albau\, X. \. 

A. D. Pullock, of Cincinnati, im]iorted in i8()5 the first pure bred Jer- 
sevs brought into the State ; and the same year j. V. Stettinius, also of Cin- 
cinnati, imported direct several cows from the Island of Jersew 

( iuernsev cattle were brought into the State about the same time as 
the fersevs. Xumbers of fine herds of both Jerse\' and ( iuernsey cattle 
have been established since then, and thev are now found in e\ ery county 
in the State. 

In 1880 or 1881 Mr. I). X. Hine, of Erie count}-, made the first im])()r- 
tation of the Aberdeen-Angus breed. Mr. Hine went to Scotland and 
personalK- selected his stock. In t88j a herd was established in Fayette 
countv bv Renton (iarringer. and soon afterwards herds were estab- 
lished by Messrs. C. R. Dye, of Miami county, C. W. Perrw of Champaign 
county, and P>radfute & Son, of Greene county. 

J. McLain Smith, of Dayton, and Caj^tain \'. T. Hills, of Delaware, 
have imported large numbers of choice animals of the Red Poll breed 
from England. 

Mr. \\'illiam Crane, of Miami countw has succeeded in ])ro(lucing 
a hornless breed of Shorthorn cattle, and Mr. J. R. ( )rr, of Creenc 
county, has founded a herd of polled Jerseys. 

Mr. ( ). V. Jones, of \\'ooster, ])urchased in oSf/) "Zuyder Zee," a 
Holstein bull, bred b\- W'inthro]) Chenery. This breed has rapid!}' ad- 
vanced in favor, and a good authorit\' estimates that ])robal)l}' one-fifth 
of the <lair\- cows in ( )hio todav are of this l)reed. 

In addition to the above named breeds, there are some herds of 
(ialloways. Polled Diu-hams, Dutch Ilelted and I'.rown Swiss cattle in the 
State. 

In 1856 some of the leading cattle l)reeders and dealers in Madison 
countv met for the ])urj)ose of arranging for monthl}' sales of stcick, to be 
held in London. It was decided to hold the first sale on the first Tuesday 
in March of that year, and on the first Tuesday of each and ever}- month 
thereafter. The sale was held at the time designated, and was a decided 
success. In thirty years the sales amounted to $5,813,902.25. It is said 



42 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 

of these sales^ that they "were conducted in the interest of the buyers and 
sellers only, and that no outside influence was permitted to interfere with 
the rights of these two interested parties." 



SHEEP. 



The sheep brought into the Northwest Territory by the first settlers 
were no doubt the common or native sheep, but they were very important 
members of the family in those days, as most of the clothing was manu- 
factured from their fleeces. The wool was carded by hand for many 
years, spun in the cabin and not infrequently dyed and woven there, as well 
as shaped into garments for the family. 

In 1801 Seth Adams, of Zanesville, imported some Spanish Merino 
sheep for breeding purposes, and these were the first blooded sheep brought 
into the State. Judge Todd, of Kentucky, bought the first pair of Merinos 
that Mr. Adams had for sale, paying fifteen hundred dollars for them. 

About 1809 Mr. Thomas Rotch, a member of the Society of Friends, 
emigrated from Connecticut to Stark county and brought with him 
a small flock of Merino sheep. They were all good, and a few of them 
were from the flock of two hundred, which Colonel Humphrey, United 
States minister to Spain, had brought with him on his return to this 
country. 

About 1812,- Mr. William R. Dickinson, who had moved from Vir- 
ginia to Steubenville, Ohio, in 1807, purchased some pure bred Merino 
sheep from the flock of James Caldwell, of Pennsylvania, an extensive 
breeder of Merinos. Thirteen years later he had twenty-five hundred 
sheep. They were as fine as could be found in the United States, and 
were celebrated throughout the country. 

Mr. Wells, the senior partner of the firm of Wells-Dickinson, who were 
extensive woolen manufacturers at Steubenville. laid the foundation of his 
flock of Merinos by purchases made from Colonel Jarvis, the greatest 
importer of his day. By 1825 Mr. Wells' flock had increased to thirty-five 
hundred. By interchanging the rams, the flocks of Messrs. Wells and 
Dickinson soon became almost identical, and were the original Wells- 
Dickinson sheep. Owing to financial difficulties with the Government, 
these flocks were sold at public auction at Steubenville, in 1830. Buyers 



J Howe's Historical Collections, vol. 2, p. 165. 

2 Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society Publications, vol. VI., pp. 
236-237. 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 43 

attended the sale from all parts of Ohio, Pennsylvania and Western Vir- 
ginia. 

Isaac Putnam, of Marietta, purchased in 1809 a number of full 
blooded Merinos of Seth Adams, Zanesville, and laid the foundation 
of a fine flock. 

Paul Fearing and B. J. Oilman, of Marietta, purchased from Colonel 
Humphrey in 181 1 a ram, and in payment gave him sixteen hundred 
acres of land in Ohio. 

In 1826 a number of pure Merinos from the celebrated Dickinson 
flock at Steubenville were bought by Col. John Stone and George Dana, 
of Belpre. 

So the Merinos were pretty well distributed' over the State during 
the first quarter of the century. 

The date of the introduction of Saxony Merinos is not definitely 
known, but it was doubtless very soon after their first importation, in 
1825 and 1826. 

In 1834 Isaac Maynard, of Coshocton county, imported ten South- 
down, three New Leicester, three Lincolnshire and three Cotswold sheep, 
thus introducing four new breeds into Ohio. 

Mr. George Smith, of Carthage, imported some Southdown sheep 
in 1840 and 1841. 

In 1844 Mr. J. F. King, of Warren, purchased a Southdown ram 
and four ewes from J. H. Hesless, of Trumbull county, who had secured 
his sheep from the flocks of Jonas Webb, England. 

T. S. Cooper made the first importation of Horned Dorsets into 
Ohio in 1 891. Joseph E. Wing, of Mechanicsburg, who secured some 
of the original Cooper stock, is one of the prominent breeders of Horned 
Dorsets. He has increased his flock by purchases from Pennsylvania and 
New Jersey. 

Lcicesters, Lincolns, Cotswolds, Southdowns. Shropshires and 
Horned Dorsets are now found in all parts of the State. 

Ninety per cent, of the sheep in Ohio in 1865 were Merinos, and 
their grades, but today it is doubtful if it will exceed thirty or forty per 
cent. 



SWINE. 



The raising of pork has always been, and still is, a verv important 
branch of productive labor in Ohio. 

The native hog, commonly called the "razor-back" or "rail-splitter," 
had to depend largely on his own efiforts not only to support life, but to 



44 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 

save it. He had to find his food in tlie forest — nuts, herries and roots 
furnishing- tlie su])ply — and was compehed, at the same time, to keep a 
constant lookout for attacks when poaching- on- the preserves of hears, 
wolves, etc. His was a strenuous life, and it is no wonder he was hard 
to fatten and oftentimes difficult to find; but the breed multiplied and 
increased, and it made a splendid foundation upon which to build new 
breeds. 

The China. Iterkshire. W'oburn. Irish (jrazer and Russian were 
the first used to cross with the "razor-back." 

Tht Poland-China breed was evolved in the Mianu valley, and the 
Uedfords. Byfields, Chinas. Irish (irazers. Russian and razor-backs have 
all entered into its blood. This breed has become verv popular in the 
Western States. 

In northern ( )hio Todd's Improved Chester \\'hite originated, and 
later the ( )hio Chester White breed. 

The China, which did more to imj^-ove the hogs of the Miami valley 
than any other breed, was introduced into ( )hio by the Shakers of L'nion 
\'illag-e in 1816. John Wallace, a trustee of the Shaker Society living 
near Lebanon, bought a boar and three sows in Philadelphia. 

About 1840 the im|)ortation of Perkshire hogs began, and the breed 
proved a very po])ular one. 

Peter INIelendy, living near Cincinnati, brought from Poston. some- 
where about 1853, the Suft'olk hog "Independence." which had been 
]:)ronounced the best hog in Xew England, and fifteen others of the same 
breed ; and the same year this breed was introduced into Ashtabula 
county. 

The Chester Whites. Yorkshires and Duroc Jerseys have been intro- 
duced into the State recently, the former in the dairy regions and the 
latter two in the corn producing districts. 

NUMBER AND VALUE OF SPECIFIED CLASSES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS 
ON FARMS AND RANGES, JUNE 1, 1900. 

(U. S. Census 1900.) 



Animal. | Number. 1 Value. 



Cattle I 

Horses | 

Mules [ 

Asses and Burros .1 

Sheep I 

Swine j 

Goats I 



2,053,31.3 


$46,560,246 


878,205 


50,1.59,245 


16,771 


941,211 


250 1 


18,981 


4.020,628 


10,956.308 


3.188.563 


11,813,168 


5.432 


16,975 



Total value I I $120,466,134 



DEPARTMENT OF ACRlCUI/rURE. 



45 



Total receipts from sale of live animals in 1899 $40,873,674 

Value of animals slaughtered on farms in 1899 10,276,931 

Ohio lanks third in value of horses. 
Ohio ranks sixth in number of horses. 
Ohio ranks third in value of sheep. 
Ohio ranks fourth in number of sheep. 

WOOL SHORN IN FALL OF 1899 AND SPRING OF 1900. 





1 Rank. 

1 


Fleeces shorn 


2 897 604 1 4 


Weic;ht unwashed, pounds 


20 350 721 1 3 


Value 


$4,299,025 1 2 





DAIRY COWS. 



Number. 



Value. 



Farms reporting 
Dairy cows 



244,405 

818,239 



$24,725,382 



DAIRY PRODUCTS. 



Gallons. 



Average per cow | 

Milk consumed on farmsl 

Milk sold 1 

Cream sold 

Butter made on farms..] 

Butter sold | 

Cheese made on farmsj 

Cheese sold | 

Dairy products sold . . . . j 

Dairy products con- | 

sumed on farms .... 



Total. 



520 

59.019,757 

84,543,703 

429.143 



Pounds. 



Milk produced 425,870,394 



79,551,299 

47,118,140 

1,167,001 

1,047,202 



Received 
from sale. 



58,303,626 
213,716 

6,896,334 

71,173 I 



Value. 



$15,484,849 
9,898,778 



$25,383,627 



AMOUNT OF BUTTER AND CHEESE PRODUCED BY FACTORIES. 



Pounds. 

Butter 8,087,631 

Cheese 18,156,527 



TOTAL PRODUCTION OF BUTTER AND CHEESE FROM FARMS AND 

FACTORIES. 

Pounds. 

Butter 87,638,930 

Cheese 19,323,528 



46 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 



There were 8,830,969 pounds of oleomargarine shipped into Ohio during 1899. 
Ohio stands first on the list in the production of farm butter. 

POULTRY AND EGG PRODUCTION IN 1899, WITH VALUE. 
(U. S. Census Report of 1900.) 



Number. 



Value. 



Poultry j 15,018,352 | $8,847,009 

Eggs, dozens 1 91,766,630 | 10,280,769 

I 1 

Total I I $19,127,778 



Ohio ranks second in egg production and fourth in poultry production. 

BEES, HONEY AND WAX. 

(U. S. Census Report of 1900.) 



Pounds. 



Value. 



Bees. June 1, 1900 

Honey produced in 1899. 

Wax produced 

Honey and wax 



Total 



1,980,530 

34,620 

2,015,150 



$402,561 

252,321 
$654,882 



Ohio ranks third in the production of honey. 

TOTAL NUMBER OF FARMS, WITH VALUE, FOR 1900. 
(U. S. Census for 1900.) 

Total number of farms 276,719 

Total number of farms with buildings 268,404 

Total value of farms without buildings $817,163,710 

Total value of buildings 219,451,470 

CLASSIFICATION OF FARMS, JUNE 1, 1900. 

Owners 169,370 

Part owners 23,730 

Owners and tenants 4.261 

Managers 3,427 

Cash tenauts 24,051 

Share tenauts 51,880 

Total numbei of farms in Ohio 276,719 

CLASSIFICATION OF FARMS BY PRINCIPAL SOURCE OF INCOME. 

Hay and grain 80,809 

Vegetables 7.1'71 

Fruits 5,074 

Live stock 113,520 

Dairy products 12,768 

Tobacco 6,199 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



47 



Sugar T 60 

Flowers and plants 505 

Nursery products 147 

Miscellaneous 50,466 

Total number of farms in Ohio 276,719 



ACREAGE OF IMPROVED AND UNIMPROVED FARM LAND AND TOTAL 
ACREAGE FROM 1850 TO 190O. 

(U. S. Census Report of 1900.) 





Years. 


1 Improved. 


1 Unimproved. 


Total 


1850 

1860 

1870 

1880 

1890 

1900 


9,851,493 
12,625,394 
14.469,133 
18,081,091 
18,338,824 
19,244,472 


8,146.000 
7,846,747 
7,243,287 
6,448,135 
5,013.584 
5,257,513 


17,997,493 
20,472,141 
21,712,420 
24,529,226 
23,352,408 
24,501,985 



VALUE OF FARMS, MACHINERY, LIVE STOCK AND FARM PRODUCTS 

FROM 1850 TO 1900. 

(U. S. Census Report of 1900.) 



Years. 


Farms 

with 

Buildings. 


Machinery | 
and 
Implements. 


Live stock. 


Farm 
Products. 


1850 


1 $358,758,603 

678,132,991 

843,572,181 

1,127,497,353 

1,050,031,828 

1,036,615,180 


$12,750,585 
17.538,832 
25,692,787 
30,521,180 
29.475,346 
36,354,150 


$44,121,741 
80.384.819 
96,240,422 
103,707,730 
116,181,690 
125,954,616 




1860 

1870 

1880 

1890 

1900 


$158,605,526 
156,777,152 
133,232,498 
257,065,826 



Total value of farm property for 1900 $1,198,923,946 



Ohio ranks third in value of farm property. 



EXPENDITURE IN 1899 FOR LABOR AND FERTIUZERS. 
(U. S. Census Report of 1900.) 

Labor $14,502,600 

Fertilizers 2,695,470 



48 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 



FLOURING AND GRIST MILLS. 
(U. S. Census Report for 1900.) 

Ohio has 1.150 flouring and grist mills, with a capital of $12,531,150. The 
products of these mills for 1899, with value, are reported as follows: 



Barrels. 



Pounds. 



Value. 



Wheat flour 

Rye flour 

Buckwheat flour . . 

Barley meal 

Corn meal 

Hominy 

Feed 

Offal 

Other products, etc. 



Total value. 



7,366,474 
40,258 



1.532,994 



4.416,605 
1,137,830 

5,579,900 
731,562,772 
414,242,365 



$26,060,827 

117,769 

108,656 

11,157 

2,708,191 

57,429 

5,314,187 

2,518,665 

493,486 



$37,390,367 



AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. 

In 1900 there were 78 establishments in Ohio manufacturing agricultural 
implements, representing a capital of $23,628,442, with 6,852 workmen employed 
and $3,271,163 paid in wages, with a product valued at $13,975,268. 

Ohio ranks second in value of products, capital, total wages, cost of mate- 
rials used and value of products. 

Important manufacturing centers in 1900 were Springfield, Dayton, Canton 
and Akron. 

In the manufacture of the various implements Ohio takes the following rank: 

1st — Horse Hayforks. 

2d — Cultivators, Harvesters. Combined Harvesters and Binders and Horse 
Hayrakes. 

3d — Harrows, Planters and Drills, and Mowers. 

4th — Plows. 

LIST OF OHIO TREES. 



Cucumber Tree. 

Tulip Tree; Yellow Poplar; White 

Wood. 
Papaw. 

American Holly. 
Basswood; Linden. 
White Basswood. 
Ohio Buckeye. 
Striped Maple. 
Mountain Maple. 
Sugar Maple. 
Sugar or Rock Maple. 
Black or Sugar Maple. 
Silver Maple. 
Red or Swamp Maple. 
Box Elder. 
Staghorn Sumach. 
Smooth Sumach. 
Dwarf Sumach. 

Poison Sumach or Poison Dogwood. 
Clammy Locust. 
Red-bud. 



Honey Locust. 
Kentucky Coffee Tree. 
Western Mountain Ash. 
Crab-apple. 
Southern Crab-apple. 
Shad-bush; June-berry; Service- 

'berry. 
Scarlet Haw; White Thorn. 
Large-spine Thorn. 
Scarlet Haw. 
Black Thorn. 
Cockspur Thorn. 
Wild Yellow or Red Plum. 
Wild Red Cherry. 
Choke Cherry. 
Wild Black Cherry. 
Witch Hazel. 
Sweet Gum. 
Flowering Dogwood. 
Alternate-leaved Cornel. 
Sour Gum; Black Gum; Tupelo. 
Sweet Viburnum; Sheep Berry. 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



49 



Black Haw. 

Sorrel Tree; Sour-wood. 

Persimmon. 

White Ash. 

Red Ash. 

Green Ash. 

Blue Ash. 

Black Ash. 

Sassafras. 

Red Elm; Slippery Elm. 

White Elm; American Elm. 

Rock Elm; Cork Elm. 

Hackberry; Nettle Tree. 

Sugarberry. 

Red Mulberry. 

White Mulberry. 

Sycamore. 

Butternut; White Walnut. 

Black Walnut. 

Shell-bark or Shag-bark Hickory. 

Big Shell-bark; King-nut. 

Mocker-nut; White-heart Hickory. 

White Hickory. 

Pig-nut ; Brown Hickory. 

Bitter-nut; Swamp Hickory. 

Sweet, Black or Cherry Birch. 

Yellow or Gray Birch. 

River Birch; Red Birch. 

Speckled or Hoary Alder. 

Smooth Alder. 

Hop-hornbeam; Ironwood; Lever- 
wood. 

American Hornbeam, Blue or 
Water Beech. 



White Oak. 

Bur Oak. 

Post Oak; Iron Oak. 

Swamp White Oak. 

Chestnut Oak. 

Yellow Oak. 

Red Oak. 

Scarlet Oak. 

Quercitron; Yellow-barked or Black 

Oak. 
Pin Oak; Swamp Spanish Oak. 
Black Jack; Barren Oak. 
Laurel Oak; Shingle Oak. 
Chestnut. 
Chinquapin. 
American Beech. 
White Poplar. 
American Aspen. 
Large-toothed Poplar. 
Downy Poplar; Swamp Poplar. 
Balsam Poplar; Tacamahac. 
Balm of Gilead. 
Cottonwood ; Carolina Poplar. 
Black Willow. 
Amygdaloid Willow, 
White Pine. 
Pitch Pine. 

.Jersey Pine; Scrub Pine. 
Tamarack; Black Larch; American 

Larch. 
Hemlock; Hemlock Spruce. 
Arbor Vitae; White Cedar. 
Common Juniper. 
Red Cedar; Savin. 



VALUE OF FOREST PRODUCTS FOR 1899, Including only the Lumber, Rail- 
road Ties, etc., which Farmers cut in Connection with their Ordinary 
Farming Operations $5,625,897 



TOTAL VALUE, BY DECADES FROM 1850 TO 1900, OF FOREST PRODUCTS, 
from all Sources, Lumbering, Woodchopping and Ordinary Farming Oper- 
ations, in Ohio 

1850 $3,864,452 

1860 5,158,076 

1870 10,235,180 

1880 13:,864,460 

1890 15,279,843 

1900 20,790,850 



LIST OF OHIO GRASSES. 



W^ooly Beard Grass. 
Silver Beard Grass. 
Cluster-flowered Beard Grass. 
Indian Grass; Wood Grass. 
Forked Spike Grass. 
Purple Wood Grass. 
Virginia Beard Grass. 
Floating Paspalum. 
Agrostis-like Panic Grass. 
Old Witch Grass. 



Hidden-flowered Panic Grass. 
Barn-yard Grass. 
Straight Panic Grass. 
Finger Grass. 
Smooth Crab Grass. 
Broad-leaved Panic Grass. 
Small-seeded Panic Grass. 
Prolific Panic Grass. 
Common Crab or Finger Grass. 
Tall Smooth Panic Grass. 



4— C. H. of O. 



50 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 



Yellow Panic Grass. 

Foxtail Pigeon Grass. 

Bengal Grass. 

Bristly Foxtail Grass. 

Green Foxtail Grass. 

Hedgehog or Burr Grass. 

Prolific Rice. 

Indian Rice; Water Oats. 

Catch-fly Grass. 

Rice Grass. 

White Grass. 

Reed Canary Grass. 

Common Canary Grass. 

Sweet Vernal Grass. 

Vanilla or Seneca Grass. 

Poverty Grass. 

Downy Triple Awn Grass. 

Blaclv Oat Grass; Feather Grass. 

Porcupine Grass. 

Mountain Rice. 

Little Mountain Rice. 

Black Mountain Rice. 

Millet Grass. 

Hair Grass. 

Nimble Will. 

Mexican Drop-seed Grass. 

Clustering Muhlenbergia. 

Awnless Muhlenbergia. 

Sylvan Muhlenbergia. 

Willdenovii's Muhlenbergia. 

Awned Brachyelytrum. 

Timothy. 

Floating Foxtail Grass. 

Meadow Foxtail. 

Hairy Muslvit Grass. 

Drop-seed Grass. 

Leaden Drop-seed Grass. 

Stfong-scented Drop-seed Grass. 

Wood Reed Grass. 

Drooping Reed Grass. 

White Bent Grass. 

Red-top Herd's Grass. 

Hair Grass. 

Thin Grass. 

Blue Joint Grass. 

Sand Reed. 

Velvet Grass. , 

Common Hair Grass. 

Marsh Oat Grass. 

Downy Persoon Grass. 

Wild Oat. 

Purple Wild Oat. 

Tall Meadow Oat Grass. 

Wild Oat Grass. 

Bermuda Grass. 



Fresh Water Cord Grass. 

Crab Grass; Wire Grass. 

Pointed Slender Grass. 

Common Reed Grass. 

Tall Red Top. 

Sand Grass. 

Hair-panicled Meadow Grass. 

Soutliern Eragrostis. 

Short-stalked Meadow Grass. 

Creeping Meadow Grass. 

Meadow Comb Grass. 

Slender Meadow Grass. 

Crested Koeleria. 

Eaton's Grass. 

Melic Grass. 

Twin Grass. 

Broad-leaved Spike Grass. 

Orchard Grass. 

Wood Spear Grass. 

Annual Spear Grass. 

Short-leaved Spear Grass. 

Wire Grass; English Blue Grass. 

Weak Meadow Grass. 

Southern Spear Grass. 

June Grass; Spear Grass. 

False Red Top. 

Sylvan Spear Grass. 

Rough-stalked Meadow Grass. 

Pointed Spear Grass. 

Rattlesnake Grass. 

Long-panicled Meadow Grass. 

Common Manna Grass. 

Reed Meadow Grass. 

Fowl Meadow Grass. 

Obtuse Spear Grass. 

Pale Manna Grass. 

Sheep's Fescue; Hard Fescue. 

Tall Meadow Fescue. 

Meadow Fescue Grass. 

Nodding Fescue Grass. 

Small Fescue Grass. 

Fringed Brome Grass. 

Wild Chess. 

Soft Chess. 

Upright Chess. 

Chess; Cheat. 

Sterile Brome Grass. 

Perennial Rye Grass. 

Quack Grass; Couch Grass. 

Squirrel Tail Grass. 

Canadian Lyme Grass. 

Slender Hairy Lyme. 

Lyme Grass. 

Bottle-brush Grass. 

Switch Cane; Small Cane. 



DRY MEASURE. 



1 bushel=4 pecks=8 gallons=32 quarts=2150.4 cubic inches. 

% bushel=2 pecks=4 gallons=16 quarts=1075.2 cubic inches. 

1 peck =2 gallons= 8 quarts= 537.6 cubic inches. 

1 gallon = 4 quarts^ 268.8 cubic inches. 

1 quart = 67.2 cubic inches. 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



51 



SIZE OF MEASURES. 

The interior diameter of a half bushel is IZ'y^o inches. 
The depth is 7V-i inches. 

A barrel shall be equal to 31 1^. gallons, and two barrels shall constitute a 
hogshead. 

BARBED WIRE REQUIRED FOR FENCES. (Author not known.) 

Estimated number of pounds of barbed wire required to fence space or 
distances mentioned, with one, two or three lines of wire, based upon each 
pound of wire measuring one rod (IGVi; feet). 

One line. Two lines. Three lines. 

1 square acre 50% pounds lOlVs pounds 152 pounds 

1 side of a square acre 12% pounds 251/3 pounds 38 pounds 

1 square half-acre 36 pounds 72 pounds 108 pounds 

1 square mile 1280 pounds 2560 pounds 3840 pounds 

1 side of a square mile 320 pounds 640 pounds 960 pounds 

1 rod in length 1 pound 2 pounds 3 pounds 

100 rods in length 100 pounds 200 pounds 300 pounds 

100 feet in length 6V10 pounds 12 1^ pounds ISVio pounds 



VITALITY OF SEEDS IF PROPERLY KEPT. (McKerrow.) 



Turnips 5 years 

Rape 5 years 

Pumpkin 5 years 

Peas 3 years 

Beans 3 years 

Clover 3 years 

Oats 3 years 

Barley 3 years 



Wheat 2 years 

Buckwheat 2 years 

Corn 2 years 

Timothy 2 years 

Rye 2 years 

Flax 2 years 

Millet 2 years 

Orchard grass 2 years 



QUANTITY OF SEED REQUIRED TO THE ACRE. (Waring.) 



Designation. Quantity of seed 

Wheat 114 to 2 

Barley li/o to 2i^ 

Oats 2 to 4 

Rye 1 to 2 

Buckwheat % to IVs 

Millet 1 to 11/2 

Com 14 to 1 

Beans 1 to 2 

Peas 21/2 to S^l 

Hemp 1 to 11^ 

Flax 1/, to 2 

Rice 2 ' to 2y2 



Designation. Quantity of 

bushels Broom-corn 1 to I14 

bushels Potatoes 5 to 10 

bushels Timothy 12 to 24 

bushels Mustard 8 to 20 

bushels Herd grass 12 to 16 

bushels Flat turnip 2 to 3 

bushel Red clover 10 to 16 

bushels White clover 3 to 4 

bushels Blue grass 10 to 15 

bushels Orchard grass 20 to 30 

bushels Carrots 4 to 5 

bushels Parsnips 6 to 8 



seed. 

bushels 

bushels 

quarts 

quarts 

quarts 

pounds 

pounds 

pounds 

pounds 

pounds 

pounds 

pounds 



AVERAGE YIELD PER ACRE OF VARIOUS CROPS. (Bailey.) 

Apples A tree 20 to 30 years old should yield from 25 to 40 bushels 

every alternate year. 

Artichoke 200 to 300 bushels. 

Beans, green or snap 75 to 120 bushels. 

Beans, Lima 75 to 100 bushels of dry beans. 

Beets 400 to 700 bushels. 

Carrots 400 to 700 bushels. 

Corn 50 to 75 bushels, shelled. 

Cranberries 100 to 300 bushels; 900 bushels have been reported. 



52 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 

Cucumbers About 150,000 fruits per acre. 

Currants 100 bushels. 

Gooseberries 100 busliels. 

Grapes 3 to 5 tons. 

Horse-radisli 3 to 5 tons. 

Kohlrabi 500 to 1,000 bushels. 

Onions, from seed 300 to 800 bushels; GOO bushels is a large average yield. 

Parsnips 500 to 800 bushels. 

Peas, green in pod ' 100 to 150 bushels. 

Peaches In full bearing a peach tree should produce from 5 to 10 bushels. 

Pears A tree from 20 to 25 years old should yield from 25 to 45 bushels. 

Peppers 30,000 to 50,000 fruits. 

Plums 5 to 8 bushels may be considered an average crop. 

Potatoes 100 to 300 bushels. 

Quinces 200 to 400 bushels. 

Raspberries 50 to 100 bushels. 

Blackberries 50 to 100 bushels. 

Salsify 200 to 300 bushels. 

Spinach 200 barrels. 

Strawberries 75 to 200, or even 300 bushels. 

Tomatoes 8 to 16 tons. 

Turnips 600 to 1,000 bushels. 



YIELD OF A GOOD CROP OF FARM PRODUCTS PER ACRE. (McKerrow.) 

Oats 50 bushels Rye 25 bushels 

Corn (shelled) 50 bushels Hay 2 tons 

Barley 50 bushels Potatoes 200 bushels 

Wheat (winter) 30 bushels Turnips .500 bushels 

Wheat (spring) 25 bushels Mangels 800 bushels 

Beans 15 bushels Sugar beets 500 bushels 



USUAL DISTANCES FOR PLANTING VEGETABLES. (Bailey.) 

Asparagus Rows 3 to 4 ft. apart, 1 to 2 ft. apart in row. 

Beans, bush 2 to 3 ft. apart, 1 ft. apart in rows. 

Beans, pole 3 to 4 ft. each way. 

Beets, early In drills from 12 to 18 in. apart. 

Beets, late In drills from 2 to 3 ft. apart. 

Cabbage, early • IG by 28 in. to 18 by 30 in. 

Cabbage, late 2 by 3 ft. to 2^.^ by 31/2 ft. 

Carrots In drills from 1 to 2 ft. apart. 

Cauliflower 2 'by 2 ft. to 2 by 3 ft. 

Celery Rows 3 to 4 ft. apart, 6 to 9 in. in row. 

Corn, sweet Rows 3 to ZY2 ft- apart, 9 in. to 2 ft. In row. 

Cucumbers 4 to 5 ft. each way. 

Egg-plant 3 by 3 ft. 

Lettuce 1 by li^ or 2 ft. 

Muskmelon 5 to 6 ft. each way. 

Watermelon 7 to 8 ft. each way. 

Onions In drills from 14 to 20 in. apart. 

Parsnips In drills 18 in. to 3 ft. apart. 

Peas In drills early kinds, usually in double rows from 6 to 9 in. 

apart; late, in single rows 2 to 3 in. apart. 

Peppers 15 to 18 in. by 2 to 21/2 ft. 

Potatoes 10 to 18 in. by 2]/. to 3 ft. 

Pumpkins 8 to 10 ft. each way. 

Radishes In drills, 10 to 18 in. apart. 

Rhubarb 2 to 4 ft. by 4 ft. 

Salsify In drills, 11/2 to 2 ft. apart. 

Spinach In drills, 12 to 18 in. apart. 

Squashes 3 to 4 ft. by 4 ft. 

Sweet-potatoes 2 ft. by 3 to 4 ft. 

Tomatoes 4 ft. by 4 to 5 ft. 

Turnips ,. In drills, l^^ to 21/2 ft. apart. 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



53 



QUANTITY OF SEED OF VEGETABLES REQUIRED TO SOW AN ACRE. 

(Bailey.) 

Asparagus 4 or 5 lbs., or 1 oz. for 50 ft. of drill. 

Beans, dwarf, in drills IV2 bushels. 

Beans, pole 10 to 12 quarts. 

Beets ^' to G lbs. 

Buckwheat 1 bushel. 

Cabbage, in beds to transplant ^/i ^'"• 

Carrots, in drills 3 to 4 lbs. 

Cauliflower 1 oz. of seed for 1,000 plants. 

C'eiery 1 oz. of seed for 2,000 plants. 

Corn, in'hilVs' V.V.'.V.V.V ' 8 to 10 quarts. 

Cucumber, in hills • • • ^ |t>s. 

Cress, water, in drills 2 to o lbs. 

Egg-plant 1 oz. of seed for 1,000 plants. 

Kate or sprouts • ■ • ■ ■\},^ ^ ^^l^' 

Lettuce 1 oz. of seed for 1,000 pl^ants. 

Muskmelon in hills '/ /^ f 11^'' 

Watermelon in hills 1/ 1 i?^ 

Mustard, broadcast '- "'^^^^ 

Onion, in drills ^ to b bs. 

Onion seed for sets, in drills ;v;'o'; , 1 ' 

Onion sets in drills b to 12 bushels. 

Parsnip, in drills ; • V o^? v.^^" 

Peas 1 to 2 bushels. 

Potato, cut tubers ' ] }^^??l^' 

Pumpkin, in hills o , iA \yl' 

Radish, in drills ° to iu ids. 

o„o 8 to 10 lbs. 

^SZh'''v^\v^v^y.'.'...... lo ^o 12 ibs. 

Squash, bush, hilis \\^ I Ihc' 

Squash, running hills '^ 1/ ik 

Tomato, to transplant i'T'o iko' 

Turnip, in drills 1 to 2 bs. 

Turnip, broadcast •„' '/ '" < , ,, 1 

Grass! mixed lawn 2 to 4 bushels. 



A BRIEF HISTORY OF OHIO 

CHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED 



56 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 



OHIO. 

(U. S. Census Report for 1900.) 

Ohio has a gross area of 41,060 square miles; land, 40,760 and water 300 
square miles. 

POPULATION OF OHIO FROM 1800 TO 1900 BY DECADES, WITH RANK. 

Population. Rank. 

1800 45,365 18 

1810 230,760 13 

1820 581,434 5 

1830 937,903 4 

1840 1,519,467 3 

1850 1,980,329 3 

1860 2,339,511 3 

1870 2,665,260 3 

1880 3,198,062 3 

1890 3,672,316 4 

1900 4,157,545 4 



POPULATION OF OHIO BY COUNTIES FOR 1900. 



(U. S. Census Report for 1900.) 



Adams 26,328 

Allen 47,976 

Ashland 21,184 

Ashtabula 51,448 

Athens 38,730 

Auglaize 31,192 

Belmont 60,875 

Brown 28,237 

Butler 56,870 

Carroll 16,811 

Champaign 26,642 

Clark 58,939 

Clermont 31,610 

Clinton 24,202 

Columbiana 68,590 

Coshocton 29,337 

Crawford 33,195 

Cuyahoga 439,120 

Darke 42,53:^ 

Defiance 26,387 

Delaware 26.401 

Erie 37,650 

Fairfield 84,259 

Fayette 21,725 

Franklin 164,460 

Fulton 22,801 

Gallia 27,918 

Geauga 14,744 

Greene 31,613 

Guernsey 34,425 



Hamilton 409,479 

Hancock 41,993 

Hardin 31,187 

Harrison 20,486 

Henry 27,282 

Highland 30,982 

Hocking 24,398 

Holmes 19,511 

Huron 32,330 

Jackson 34,248 

Jefferson 44,357 

Knox 27,768 

Lake 21,580 

Lawrence 39,534 

Licking 47,070 

Logan 30,420 

Lorain 54,857 

Lucas 153,559 

Madison 20,590 

Mahoning 70,134 

Marion 28,678 

Medina 21,958 

Meigs 28,620 

Mercer 28,021 

Miami 43,105 

Monroe 27,031 

Montgomery 130,146 

Morgan 17.905 

Morrow 17,879 



Muskingum 53,185 

Noble 19,466 

Ottawa 22,213 

Paulding 27,528 

Perry 31,841 

Pickaway 27,016 

Pike 18,172 

Portage 29,246 

Preble 23,713 

Putnam 32,525 

Richland 44,289 

Ross 40,940 

Sandusky 34,311 

Scioto 40,981 

Seneca 41,163 

Shelby 24,625 

Stark 94,747 

Summit 71,715 

Trumbull 46,591 

Tuscarawas 53,751 

Union 22,342 

Van Wert 30,394 

Vinton 15.330 

Warren 25,584 

Washington 48,245 

Wayne 37,870 

Williams 24,953 

Wood 51,555 

Wyandot 21,125 



Rural population for 1900 1,743,285 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 57 



A BRIEF HISTORY OF OHIO, 1803-1903, ARRANGED 
CHRONOLOGICALLY. 



On the 30th of April, 1802, Congress passed an act to enable "the 
inhabitants of the eastern division of the territory northwest of the river 
Ohio to form a constitution and establish a State government." In ac- 
cordance with the provisions of this "enabling act," the Constitutional 
Convention met at Chillicothe November i, 1802, and the thirty-five 
members were apportioned to the nine counties as follows : Adams, 
three ; Belmont, two ; Clermont, two ; Fairfield, two ; Hamilton, ten ; Jeffer- 
son, five; Ross, five; Trumbull, two, and Washington, four. The mem- 
bers of this convention performed their work in twenty-five days, framing 
a constitution, under which the people of the State lived for fifty years. 
The new State was named "Ohio." 

1803. As provided by the constitution, an election was held on the 
second Tuesday of January, 1803, at which a Governor, Senators and Rep- 
resentatives were chosen. The Democrat-Republicans presented the name 
of Edward Tiffin for Governor, and as there was no other candidate — 
General St. Clair refusing to allow his name to be used— we may say 
that he was unanimously elected, the federalists generally declining to 
vote. 

The first Legislature met at Chillicothe, March i, 1803. Michael 
Baldwin was elected Speaker of the House and Nathaniel Massie Speaker 
of the Senate. Edward Tiffin took the oath of office and entered upon his 
duties as Chief Executive of the new State, which John Randolph de- 
scribed as "a. mere geographical diagram beyond the Ohio river of vast 
deserts of woods inhabited by the aborigines." The General Assembly 
appointed William Creighton, Jr., Secretary of State, William McFarland 
Auditor of State and Thomas Gibson Treasurer of State; Judges of the 
Supreme Court, Return J. Meigs, Jr., Samuel Huntington and William 
Spriggs ; United States Senators, Thomas W'orthington and John Smith. 
State courts were established and the judges, under the provisions of the 
constitution, were appointed for seven years. Laws were passed for 
leasing school lands and regulating the public salt works ; election laws 
were enacted and salaries were fixed ; the territorial tax laws were, with 
slight modifications, continued in force. Eiglit new counties were organ- 
ized : Butler, Columbiana, Franklin, Gallia, Greene, Montgomery, Scioto 



58 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 

and Warren. The northern boundary of FrankHn county was Lake Erie, 
and FrankHnton (now a part of Columbus) was made the county seat. 

A notable event of this year was the purchase of Louisiana from 
the French. The people west of the Alleghany Mountains had been ha- 
rassed because of the closing by the Spanish of the Mississippi River, 
which was the only outlet for their produce, but by this purchase they 
secured unrestricted traffic on this great "highway to the sea." 

1804. During the second session of the Legislature (1803-1804), 
the "black laws,"^ which disgraced our statute books until 1848-1849, were 
enacted, laws were passed to improve the revenue system of the State, 
to organize the militia, to punish crimes, to improve the administration 
of justice by regulating the common law and chancery practice of the 
courts. 

Of this period Caleb Atwater, in his "History of the State of Ohio," 
says : 

"The president, judge and the lawyers traveled their circuits, holding courts. 
When arrived at the shire town, the lawyers and judges were all generally 
thrown together, into one room, in a log tavern, and slept under the roof, some 
of them very near it. The food was generally cooked out of doors. ****We have 
seen a constable with a grand jury, sitting under a tree, and the constable keep- 
ing off th^ crowd, so as to prevent their hearing the testimony of witnesses 
before the jury.****Judges and lawyers rode from court to court, through the 
forest, and carried their provisions or starved on the route. ***When the streams 
were swelled with rain, they swam every stream in their way." 

1805. By a treaty made with the Indians at Fort Industry in 1805, and 
ratified by the United States Senate January 25, 1806, the General Gov- 
ernment acquired, for the benefit of the grantees of Connecticut, all that 
portion of the Western Reserve lying west of the Cuyahoga river. 

On February 12, 1805, the third General Assembly enacted a law en- 
titled "xA-n act defining the duties of justices of the peace and constables, 
in criminal and civil cases," which proved to be a source of very serious 
trouble between the judicial and legislative departments of the State 
government for a number of years. 

At the October election Edward Tiffin was re-elected Governor. 
Dayton, Lancaster and Steubenville were incorporated. 

1806. During this year Burr and Blennerhassett were busy pre- 
paring an expedition for the avowed purpose of colonizing the Bastrop 
lands in Louisiana. Boats were built, volunteers recruited and supplies 



'A negro could not testify in court in any case in which a white man ":7as a 
party. He was not permitted to testify in his own behalf if he was sued by a 
white man. 

A black or mulatto person was prohibited from settling in Ohio unless a 
certificate of freedom could be shown and security furnished by two freeholders 
for good behavior and maintenance in case he became a public charge, and un- 
less this certificate w?.s recorded and produced, it was a penal offense to give 
him employment. 

Under the constitution he had no vote. 

The property of the negro was taxed, but his children were denied the priv- 
ileges of the public schools. 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 59 

engaged for it. The scheme was regarded by President Jefferson, how- 
ever, with very great suspicion, and upon representations made by Gov- 
ernment agents, the President issued on November 27, 1806, a procla- 
mation,^ calling upon all good citizens to aid in suppressing treasonable 
plots, w^hich were being hatched by certain parties. On December 6 the 
Ohio Legislature passed a law to prevent acts "hostile to the peace and 
tranquillity of the United States within the jurisdiction of Ohio." Gov- 
ernor Tiffin at once issued a proclamation, calling out the sheriffs and 
militia along the Ohio River. Neither Burr nor Blennerhassett was cap- 
tured at this time. They were arrested later, however, taken to Rich- 
mond, Va., and tried for treason, but both were acquitted. 

1807. Edward Tiffin declined the nomination for a third term as 
Governor of the State and resigned as chief executive March 3, 1807, 
to take the position of United States Senator, to which he had been 
elected. 

Thomas Kirker, Speaker of the Senate, became acting Governor. 

Return Jonathan Meigs, Jr., and Nathaniel Massie were the candi- 
dates for gubernatorial honors at the following October election. Meigs 
was elected, but, after much delay, was declared ineligible, on the ground 
of being a non-resident. Massie refused to serve, so Mr. Kirker occu- 
pied the position until the following year. 

St. Clairsville was incorporated. 

1808. At the October election in 1808 Judge Samuel Huntington 
was elected Governor and in December took his seat. 

The law passed in 1805, defining the duties of justices of the peace, 
having been declared unconstitutional by two judges of the Supreme 
Court and the presiding judge of the Third Circuit Court, the Gen- 
eral Assembly resented what it considered an unwarrantable interference 
with its rights, and resolutions of impeachment against Judges Hunt- 
ington, Tod and Pease w^ere promptly offered. Nothing, however, was 
done at that session. Before the General Assembly met again. Judge 
Huntington had resigned his position on the bench and was chief execu- 
tive of the State. His name was therefore dropped from the list, but 
charges of impeachment were made against Judges Tod and Pease. 

Springfield was incorporated. 

1809. Judges Tod and Pease were tried before the "High Court 
of Impeachment," - but their arguments were so convincing that, in def- 
erence to public opinion, both were acquitted, but their temerity in ques- 
tioning the constitutionality of any portion of the work of the Legisla- 
ture was neither forgotten nor forgiven by the lawmakers. 

1810. On the 16th of January the well named "sweeping resolution" 
was passed by the General Assembly, which swept out of office the 
judges of the Supreme Court, the Common Pleas Court, the Secretary of 



1 Annals of Congress. Ninth Congress, Second Session, p. 686. 

2 Senate Journal 1809. 



60 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 

State, the Auditor and Treasurer of State and all justices of the peace 
in the State. This action of the Legislature resulted in endless con- 
fusion, and it was some years before order was restored. 

At the October election Return Jonathan Meigs, Jr., was again 
elected chief executive, and having overcome his disability of non-resi- 
dence, he in due time took his seat as Governor. 

The Indians, who had remained comparatively quiet since the Green- 
ville treaty, began to be troublesome again. Tecumseh and his brother, 
the "Prophet" (Elskwatawa) had been endeavoring from 1807 to form 
a confederacy of all the nations and tribes on the continent "for the 
purpose of putting a stop to the encroachments of the white people." 

Hamilton and Lebanon were incorporated. 

181 1. The General Assembly met at Zanesville during the sessions 
of 1810-1811 and 1811-1812. Commissioners were appointed during 
the winter of 181 1 to select a permanent location for the state capital. 
They reported at the next session in favor of Dublin, a village about 
fourteen miles north of Columbus. The Legislature did not act favor- 
ably on their report, but on February 14, 181 2, an act was passed accept- 
ing a site on the east side of the Scioto river— then a dense forest — 
opposite the town of Franklinton. Having no name, the Legislature 
called it Columbus. 

General Harrison, Governor of the Indiana Territory, having de- 
cided to anticipate the movements of the Indians, marched to the home 
of the "Prophet" on the Wabash, during Tecumseh's absence in the 
South, and totally routed the Indians at the battle of Tippecanoe. 

During October of this year the Orleans, the first steamboat ever 
launched in western waters, left Pittsbiirg for New Orleans. It reached 
its destination December 24, but did not attempt the return trip. 

The great earthquake, which was felt from the Alleghany Moun- 
tains to the Mississippi River, occurred December 11, and it created great 
consternation and terror throughout the whole country. 

1812. On June 18, the United States made a formal declaration 
of war against Great Britain. 

On June 18 Columbus was surveyed and lots and streets laid off. 
Return Jonathan Meigs, who had proved an efficient and patriotic 
Governor, was re-elected for another term. 

1813. Peace was declared between the United States and England. 

1814. A treaty of peace between American and British commis- 
sioners, assembled at Ghent, was concluded December 24th, 1814, and 
ratified early the folowing year. 

On the 22d of March Return Jonathan Meigs resigned as Governor 
to accept the position of Postmaster-General under President Madisoii, 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. (31 

and Othniel Looker, Speaker of the Senate, became acting' Governor for 
the unexpired term, eight months. 

Thomas Worthington was elected Governor. 

The old brick State House, located at the corner of High and State 
streets, Columbus, was erected this year. 

An oil well was found near Caldwell, but as the parties were hunting 
salt water and not oil, the well was filled up. 

1815. The beginning of this year found Ohio on the verge of a 
]xinic. Paper currency had been issued by all the banks in the State — 
and their name was legion — without limit. In New York notes of the 
best Ohio banks were at a discount. of from eight to fifteen i)er cent., and 
others from twenty to twenty-five per cent. Eastern merchants refused 
this currency, and as the specie had been carried over the mountains 
on the backs of pack horses, the outlook was very discouraging. 

August 1st an act passed by the Legislature the previous winter, 
abolishing the whipping post, pillory and stocks, went into efitect, and 
the act passed January 27th, providing for punishment by confinement 
in the penitentiar}-, took effect the same month, August. 

The first camp meeting in Ohio was held in Clermont county during 
this year, and the meetings were conducted by Lorenzo Dow. 

1 8 16. The General Assembly met at Columbus, the new seat of 
government, December 2, for the first time ; the capital had now been 
incorporated as a borough. 

Governor Worthington founded the State Library. 

1817. The LTnited States Bank established two branches in Ohio, 
one at Cincinnati and one at Chillicothe. 

The United States Government purchased the right of the Indians 
in the Northwestern Ohio reservation, about 3,694,540 acres, but each 
tribe retained a small reservation. The Secretary of War considered 
this the most important treaty that had as yet been made with the Indians, 
and stated that there could be no "real or well founded objection to 
the amount of compensation given for it, except that it is not an adequate 
one."^ Later these homes were exchanged by one tribe after another, 
for larger tracts beyond the Mississippi river, until all had gone. 

President Monroe passed through Ohio on his return to Wash- 
ington from Detroit, and was entertained at Lancaster, Delaware, Colum- 
bus, Circleville, Zanesville and other places. "At the boundary of Ross 
county he was met by a deputation of the corporation of Chillicothe and a 
large number of gentlemen on horseback, who escorted him to the Gov- 
ernor's mansion, on Prospect Hill, where he spent the night." 

The steamer Washington, Captain Shreve, made the trip from Pitts- 
l)urg to New Orleans and return this year. 

1818. Ethan Allen Brown was elected Governor. 



1 "A Century of Dishonor," Helen Hunt Jackson, p. 47. 



62 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 

September ist, "Walk-in-the-Water," the first steam vessel on Lake 
Erie, stopped at Cleveland on her way from Buffalo to Detroit. 

1819. The branches of the United States Bank which had been 
established in Ohio in 1817, had in the course of business issued notes 
to a considerable extent. This interfered with the business of the State 
banks, as the people preferred a convertible paper to a depreciated and 
often worthless currency, and an active opposition was aroused to the 
branch banks. On February 8th a law was passed by the Legislature, 
taxing each branch fifty thousand dollars annually. The tax was forcibly 
collected, and the United States Bank brought an action for trespass 
against the Auditor of State in the United States Circuit Court. A de- 
cision was rendered in favor of the bank, and the State Treasurer was 
ordered to return the money ; failing to do this, the marshal of the dis- 
trict arrested him, and under a writ of sequestration secured ninety- 
eight thousand dollars, which was taken into court and delivered to the 
officers of the bank. An appeal to the Supreme Court was arranged for 
by the defendants for the two thousand dollars, the interest and costs. 
The decree of the Circuit Court was confirmed as to the sums of ninety- 
eight thousand dollars and the two thousand dollars, but was reversed as 
to interest and costs. The matter was not entirely closed until 1825. 

Cincinnati was incorporated as a city. 

1820. Ethan Allen Brown was re-elected Governor over General 
William Henry Harrison and Jeremiah Morrow. During the entire period 
of General Brown's service as Governor of Ohio he was an earnest ad- 
vocate and an untiring worker for a canal from Lake Erie to the Ohio 
River. He finally secured the appointment of commissioners to prepare 
surveys of canal routes. 

William Tecumseh Sherman was born at Lancaster, February 8. 

1 82 1. On February 12, by an act of the General Assembly, Wil- 
liams, Henry, Wood and Sandusky counties were erected, the northern 
boundary in each case to extend to the "State line." This line was rather 
indefinite, and the Michigan authorities were resisting the enforcement 
of Ohio laws on what they claimed to be Michigan territory. 

1822. Caleb Atwater secured the passage of a law authorizing the 
Governor to appoint a commission to report a system of education for 
the common schools to the next General Assembly. 

January 13 Ethan Allen Brown was elected United States Senator, 
and Allen Trimble, Speaker of the Senate, became acting Governor. Mr. 
Trimble was the first Federalist to occupy the position of chief executive 
of the State of Ohio. 

Jeremiah Morrow was elected Governor at the October election, 
and the Democrat-Republicans were again at the head of aft'airs. 

April 27 Ulysses S. Grant was born at Point Pleasant, Cleuiiont 
county. 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 03 

R. B. Hayes was born at Delaware, Delaware county, October 4. 

1824. The questions of canals and common schools were success- 
fully agitated during the canvass for members of the twenty-third Gen- 
eral Assembly, and the result was the election of a Legislature which 
took prompt and effective action on both questions. Governor Morrow 
was re-elected. 

1825. The law authorizing the construction of the Ohio canals 
and the establishment of a Board of Canal Commissioners was enacted 
February 4 and on the 4th of July following the work was formally 
commenced.^ 

On the 5th of February "An act to provide for the support and bet- 
ter regulation of common schools,"" was passed. 

The State Board of Equalization was created. 

Lafayette visited Ohio. Governor Morrow and his staff received 
him in Cincinnati, in the presence of fifty thousand people. The Gov- 
ernor escorted him across the State to Virginia, where he was also re- 
ceived with great honor. 

On May i8th a tornado occurred, which did an immense amount of 
damage in Delaware, Licking, Knox and Coshocton counties. Those who 
witnessed the storm say that the "roar of the wind, the darkened sky, 
the trembling earth, the crash of falling timbers, the air filled with trees, 
cattle, fragments of houses, etc., presented an awful spectacle." Although 
it passed over a wilderness, three lives were lost. 

1826. Ohio gave a majority for Andrew Jackson, the candidate 
for President of the United States on the ticket of the Democratic party, 
but Allen Trimble, a Federalist, was re-elected as Governor of the State. 

1827. In January an act was passed to "establish an asylum for the 
education of deaf and dumb persons." 

The Ohio canal was completed from Cleveland to Akron and the 
first tolls were collected. 

1828. Allen Trimble re-elected. 

The Miami canal completed to Dayton and during this year the first 
coal was shipped by canal to Cleveland. 

1829. The school for deaf and dumb persons was opened in a 
room rented for the purpose, with three pupils in attendance. 

1830. General Duncan Mc Arthur was elected Governor. 

1831. Joseph Smith, the founder of the Mormon Church, and about 
thirty of his followers from western New ^^ork went to Kirtland, Lake 
county, Ohio, in February, and located there. Smith claiming that by 
revelation this had been designated as the "Promised Land," and they 
assumed the name of "Latter Day Saints." In 1832 Brigham Young 
joined the Saints, and Smith, recognizing his ability, promptly ordained 
him to preach. The number of adherents rapidly increased and the 



1 See "Ohio Canals." 

2 Son "Ohio Education." 



64 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 

"Prophet of the Lord," as Smith styled himself, urged upon his people the 
necessity of having a church, and soon succeeded in raising forty thousand 
dollars for this purpose. The temple was completed in 1836 and dedicated 
in the presence of an immense throng. Smith established "The 'Kirtland 
Safety Society Bank" — notwithstanding the Legislature had refused to 
grant a charter — and issued bills largely in excess of the specie at his 
command. He assured his dupes that the bank belonged to the "Lord" 
and could not fail. But financial difficulties soon followed, and Smith 
and Rigdon (president and cashier of the bank) were arrested for oper- 
ating a bank without authority of law, were tried and convicted. The 
case was appealed, and while pending in the higher court, the "Prophet" 
received another "revelation," commanding him to take Rigdon and 
fly to the far west, where another "New Jerusalem" awaited them. The 
command was promptly obeyed, and fast horses soon conveyed them beyond 
the reach of Ohio laws and Ohio courts. 

1832. Robert Lucas presided over the Democratic convention that 
nominated Andrew Jackson as President of the United States for a second 
term. He was elected Governor of Ohio, defeating General Duncan 
McArthur by one vote. 

The "great flood" occurred in February of this year. Alany villages 
along the Ohio were depopulated and business was suspended in every 
town but Gallipolis, from Steubenville to Cincinnati. 

1833. February 25 the General Assembly enacted a law "to author- 
ize and encourage the establishment of agricultural societies in the several 
counties of the State." This was the first official recognition that had 
been given to the agricultural interests of the State. 

1834. Robert Lucas was re-elected Governor. March 3 the Legis- 
lature passed an act incorporating Columbus as a city. 

1835. The boundary line between Ohio and Michigan was a dis- 
puted question for many years, which finally culminated in an open rupture 
between the State and the Territory in 1835. The militia was called out on 
both sides, and for some time affairs assumed a very serious aspect. But, 
finally, in 1837, Michigan, upon her admission to the Union, resigned 
all right and title to the disputed territory, and accepted from the United 
States Government, in lieu thereof, the Upper Peninsula, lying between 
Lakes Superior, Huron and Michigan, and which contains immense for- 
ests and very valuable copper and iron mines. 

1836. Joseph Vance, who had been a member of Congress from 
1 82 1 to 1836, was elected Governor. 

1837. The General Assembly passed an act creating the office of 
Superintendent of Common Schools of the State of Ohio and Mr. Samuel 
Lewis was elected to the office. 

The school for the blind, which had been authorized by the Legisla- 
ture the previous year, was opened in a rented room on West Town street, 
Columbus, in July, 1837, with five scholars in attendance. 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 05 

In March the Legislature passed an act authorizing a loan of credit 
by the State of Ohio to railroad companies; also to turnpike, canal and 
slack-water navigation companies, which was soon popularly known as 
the "plunder law." This law provided for a loan of credit to a corpora- 
tion to the amount of half the money expended in actual construction or 
^n the purchase of lands for the use of the corporation, but it was construed 
to apply to the purchase of lands for the purpose of speculation and even 
fraud. ^ 

William Dean Howells, born at Martinsville, Belmont Co., O., 
March ist. 

1838. Wilson Shannon was elected Governor on the Democratic 
ticket. Mr. Shannon was the first native of Ohio who filled this position. 
He was born in Belmont County, February 24, 1803. 

January 26th an act was passed by the General Assembly providing 
for the erection of a new State House on the public square in Columbus. 

1839. Work on the new Capitol began in the spring of this year and 
the corner stone was laid July 4th with appropriate ceremonies "in the 
presence of a vast assemblage of people, the officers of State, the judges of 
the United States Circuit and District Courts, with the officers and 
members of the bar, in attendance, and the splendid military companies 
from Lancaster. "2 

1840. Thomas Cor win, the Whig candidate for Governor, was elected 
by a majority of 16,000. 

Some opposition had developed in regard to the location of the State 
Capital at Columbus, and the act providing for the erection of the capitol 
was repealed. 

General William Henry Harrison, a resident of Ohio, was nominated 
on the Whig ticket for President of the United States, and after a stir- 
ring campaign was elected. This election brought Ohio prominently 
before the country and gave her an important place in national affairs. 

1841. The census for 1840 gave Ohio the rank of third State in the 
Union in population, yet Cincinnati, her largest city, had at that time a 
population of but 46,000, and no other city in the State had reached 7,000. 

A great temperance movement was inaugurated in Ohio during this 
year, which John Sherman called the most beneficial reform of his time. 

1842. The General Assembly passed an act to regulate banking, 
requiring that all capital should be paid in in specie before operations were 
begun, and limiting liabilities and circulation. 

Wilson Shannon was re-elected Governor, defeating Thomas Corwin 
by a majority of nearly 2,000. Charles Dickens visited Cincinnati. 

1843. William McKinley was born at Niles, Ohio, January 29. 
The efforts to remove the seat of government from Columbus proved 



1 Executive Documents, 1842, No. 44, p. 20. 

2 Executive Documents, 1869, pt. 1, p. 600. 

5-c. H. of O. 



66 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 

unavailing and the work of construction on the new capitol was author- 
ized by the Legislature to be resumed. 

1844. Governor Shannon, having been tendered the position of 
Minister to Mexico, accepted it and resigned the Governorship of Ohio 
April 15th. Thomas W. Bartley, Speaker of the Senate, became acting- 
Governor. 

Mordecai Bartley, the father of Thomas W. Bartley, was elected 
Governor. 

1845. An act was passed by the General Assembly authorizing the 
incorporation of the Bank of the State of Ohio. 

David Tod opened 'the first coal mine in the Mahoning Valley, at 
Briar Hill, and began shipping coal to Cleveland. James A. Garfield, 
then a boy of fifteen, was employed by Mr. Tod on one of his canal boats. 

Texas was annexed to the Union. 

1846. William Bebb was elected Governor. 

War was declared with Mexico on the 13th of May. This trouble 
resulted from the annexation of Texas. 

An act was passed by the General Assembly establishing the Ohio 
State Board of Agriculture and making provision for its support.^ 

1847. The position of Attorney-General of Ohio was created. 

The first press telegram was received in Cincinnati. The Cleveland, 
Warren & Pittsburg Railway was begun this year. 

1848. Seabury Ford was elected Governor on the Whig ticket. 
After much unavoidable delay, work on the new capitol was begun 

early in the spring and pushed vigorously forward during the year. Both 
convict and free labor were employed. 

The General Assembly for 1848-49 met on the first Monday in 
December. A serious political complication occurred and an organization of 
the House of Representatives was not effected until the 2d of January, when 
John G. Breslin was elected Speaker. But the question of Governor Ford's 
election was not settled until January 21, when he received official notifica- 
tion of his election, took the oath of office and entered upon his duties 
as Chief Executive. 

1849. Through the efforts of Dr. N. S. Townshend and Mr. John F. 
Morse, Free Soilers from the Western Reserve, who were instructed by 
their constituents to do whatever "the cause of freedom should require," 
the "black laws" were repealed, and Salmon P. Chase was elected United 
States Senator. 

1850. Reuben Wood was elected Governor, defeating the Whig can- 
didate, Samuel F. Vinton. 

An act was passed by the Legislature in February, 1850, calling for a 
second constitutional convention. The convention was composed of one 
hundred and eight members and met at Columbus the following May. 



1 See Ohio State Board of Agriculture. 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



67 



The last election under the old constitution was held in October of 
this year. 

1 85 1. The constitutional convention, having been in session one 
hundred and thirty-five days, adjourned March 10, 1851. On the third 
Tuesday of June the constitution was submitted to the people and was 
ratified by a majority of 16,288. 

The new constitution provided for biennial sessions, instead of annual, 
and the date of meeting was changed from the first Monday in December 
to the first Monday in January. 

Several sections were added to the article devoted to the executive 
department of the State, but the prerogatives of the chief executive 
were not very greatly enlarged. 

A Lieutenant-Governor, who was made the presiding officer of the 
Senate, and an Attorney-General were provided for. 

The Secretary of State, Treasurer and Auditor of State had been, under 
the old constitution, appointed by a joint ballot of the Senate and House, 
but the positions were made elective under the new constitution. 

In accordance with the provisions of sections 2, 3 and 4 of the "Sched- 
ule," the first election under the new constitution was held the second 
Tuesday of October, 1851. Mr. Wood had only served one year as Gov- 
ernor, but was re-elected under the new constitution. 

The Wabash and Erie Canal, connecting the Ohio River with Lake 
Erie, four hundred and sixty-seven miles, was completed. 

1852. The first session of the General Assembly after the adoption 
of the new constitution was held the first Monday in January, 1852, and 
the Governor entered upon his second term the Monday following. (Con- 
stitution of 1851, Art. 3, Sec. 2.) 

The old brick State House was burned February ist. The first suc- 
cessful fire engine made in the United States was completed at Cincinnati. 

1853. Mr. Wood resigned the Governorship on July 13th, to accept 
the position of Consul to Valparaiso. William Medill, who was President 
of the Constitutional Convention and was elected Lieutenant-Governor, 
became acting-Governor upon Mr. Wood's resignation. The following 
October he was elected Governor. 

1854. On January 20th a tornado nearly destroyed the town of 
Brandon. 

On July 13th, a large delegate convention, representing the anti- 
slavery elements of the "Whig, Democratic, Free Soil and Liberal Parties," 
met at Neil's new hall, Columbus, for the purpose of fusing into one 
organization all who were opposed to the extension of slavery. A State 
central committee was appointed, with power to call another convention 
and take necessary measures to perfect a permanent organization. ^ 



1 Early History of the Republican Party, Archaeological and Historical 
Society Publications, Vol. 2, p. 327. 



68 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 

1855. The first Republican State convention was held at the Town 
Street Methodist Church, in Columbus, July 13-14, 1855. Joshua R. 
Giddings called the convention to order and John Sherman was made 
President. Salmon P. Chase was nominated for Governor. Notwith- 
standing the existence of a strong pro-slavery and know-nothing sentiment 
in the State, Chase was elected by a majority of 15,651.^ 

1856. Governor Chase, on January 14th, entered upon his duties as 
chief executive of the State. 

The defalcation of John G. Breslin, Treasurer of State, was discov- 
ered during this year and prompt measures were taken by Governor Chase 
to punish the offender. 

On June 2d the national Democratic convention met at Cincinnati 
and James Buchanan was nominated for President of the United States. 

1857. By the first of January the new Capitol was ready for occu- 
pancy. On the evening of January 6th, a "superb banquet was given at 
the Capitol by the citizens of Columbus to the members of the Legisla- 
ture, heads of Departments, Judiciary, citizens and strangers — a mighty 
throng." The General Assembly took up its regular work the next day. 

Governor Chase was re-elected. 

1858. Very early in Mr. Chase's second term he secured the passage 
of an act by the General Assembly to reorganize the militia of the State 
and a review of all the military companies in the State was held in Colum- 
bus during the summer. 

The wheat crop of Ohio was seriously damaged by frost on June 5th. 

1859. Governor Chase received notification from Governor Wise of 
Virginia, after John Brown's invasion of Harper's Ferry, that Virginia 
would pursue abolition organizations into neighboring States to punish 
them. To this Mr. Chase replied that Ohio would fulfill her obligations 
to the constitution and laws of the United States and would punish unlaw- 
ful acts, but under no circumstances would he permit bodies of armed men 
from other States to invade Ohio territory. 

William Dennison was nominated for Governor on the Republican 
ticket and was elected. 

i860. Both branches of the Legislature were Republican. There 
were three members of this body who subsequently came prominently 
before the public, James A. Garfield, Jacob D. Cox and James Monroe, 
known as the "Radical Triumvirate of the Ohio Senate." 

On September loth, the forty-seventh anniversary of the battle of 
Lake Erie, a statue of Commodore Perry was unveiled at Cleveland. 

1 86 1. February 13th President-elect Lincoln visited Columbus. 

The General Assembly was in session when the news was received of 
the fall of Fort Sumter, April 14th. President Lincoln called for troops 



1 Ohio State Journal, July 14, 1854. 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 69 

on April 15th and on the 19th Ohio soldiers were on their way to Wash- 
ington.^ 

April 20. "The Soldiers' Aid Society of Northern Ohio," the first 
organization in the country for the relief of soldiers, was organized at 
Cleveland, and during the four years of the war disbursed, for the benefit 
of soldiers and soldiers' families, over one million dollars. 

Governor Dennison found himself in a "whirlpool of events," but the 
emergency proved the man. 

David Tod was elected Governor in October by a majority of 55,000. 

1862. Mr. Tod had many difficult problems to solve during his 
administration. In the summer of 1862 the Rebel Generals Kirby, Smith 
and John Morgan made a feint of attacking Cincinnati, which caused con- 
siderable excitement. 

1863. On April 13th the General Assembly passed an act to enable 
quaHfied voters of Ohio, in the military service of this State and the 
United States, to exercise the right of suffrage. 

In July General Morgan with his cavalry made a raid through southern 
Ohio. Seven hundred prisoners, with Colonel Basil Duke and other offi- 
cers, were captured, and later Morgan and the rest of his command were 
taken prisoners. Morgan and about seventy of his men were confined 
in the Ohio penitentiary, Columbus, October ist. On the night of Novem- 
ber 27th, Morgan and six of his of^cers escaped from the penitentiary. 
This raid cost the State of Ohio $897,000. 

John Brough, an old line Democrat, but a staunch supporter of the 
Government, was selected as the standard-bearer of the Republican party, 
while Clement L. Vallandingham was the candidate of the Democratic 
party. The campaign was an exciting one and the result was awaited with 
the most intense anxiety by all loyal citizens, whether in the field or within 
the borders of the State. 

The night following the election, crowds of men marched through 
the streets of the cities all night, and instead of the old familiar "left," 
"left," "left," of the drill, the men were keeping step to the hoarse shouts 
of "Brough," "Brough," "Brough," from the thousands who, too anxious 
to sleep or even rest, were awaiting returns. Brough's majority was one 
hundred thousand. Thus was disloyalty rebuked by the people of Ohio. 

1864. On January nth John Brough took his seat as Governor. 
One of his first acts was to invite the governors of Indiana, Illinois, Iowa 
and Wisconsin to meet him in Washington for a conference, and on 
April 2ist these gentlemen notified Air. Lincoln that they could furnish 
him with eighty-five thousand men for one hundred days without making 
a draft or paying a dollar of bounty. 

On January 30th a law was enacted ])rohibiting vohmteer and 

1 See "Ohio's War Record." 



70 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 

substitute brokerage ; a little later a bureau was created for the auditing 
and collecting of soldiers' claims and for the relief of Ohio soldiers. 

Another act was passed to punish men for avoiding the draft by 
collecting a commutation fee of four dollars per annum from every citizen of 
the State subject to military duty and not in the military service of the 
State or United States. Governor Brough did much to secure a more 
efficient organization of the militia of the State. 

The XIII Amendment to the Constitution of the United States was 
ratified by Ohio on February loth. 

Joshua R. Giddings died May 27, 1864. He was a member of Con- 
gress for twenty-one years and during that time was twice assaulted by 
armed men and was once attacked by a mob because of his opposition to 
slavery. Was Consul-General to British North America. 

1865. Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court House, April 9th, vir- 
tually closed the war. 

On April 14, 1865, President Lincoln, while attending a performance 
at Ford's Theatre, Washington, was shot by John Wilkes Booth. He died 
the morning of the 15th. 

Governor Brough died August 29th, and Lieutenant-Governor 
Charles Anderson succeeded him. 

The ability of this trio of war Governors, William Dennison, David 
Tod and John Brough, is receiving a recognition by this generation which 
was not accorded in those days which tried men's souls. They were 
good men and true — honest, loyal, efficient— no better could have been 
found within the borders of the State. But unfortunately for their peace 
of mind they were held responsible for all unpopular measures, and there 
was of necessity much drastic legislation during the four years of the war. 
They endured unjust criticism, ridicule, contumely — yet they had served 
not only their State but their country faithfully when faithful service was 
most needed. 

Jacob D. Cox, a member of the "Radical Triumvirate of the Ohio Sen- 
ate" in 1859, was elected Governor. 

Thomas Corwin died December 18. 

1866. General Cox was inaugurated in January and entered upon 
his duties as Governor. On April 2d an act was passed to enroll the mili- 
tia and to organize volunteer militia. A temporary home for soldiers was 
authorized and assessors were instructed to make returns of "necessitous 
soldiers' families" and estimate the amount required for their relief. The 
work of mustering out all Ohio soldiers in the United States service and the 
discharge of the National Guard occupied much of the time of this admini- 
stration. 

1867. On January nth, the General Assembly by joint resolution, rati- 
fied the XIV Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. 

A resolution to submit to the people of the State at the next October 
election an amendment to the State constitution was passed by the General 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 71 

Assembly on March 2jth. The amendment was lost by a majority of 
38,353 votes. The question at issue was not only the enfranchisement of 
the colored man, but the disfranchisement of many disloyal whites as well, 
and the latter clause no doubt defeated the amendment. 

An act was passed by the Legislature appropriating five thousand 
dollars for the purchase and improvement of grounds in the Antietam 
cemetery and for the removal of the bodies of soldiers who were buried 
in that vicinity to the cemetery and interment therein, and for plainly 
marking their graves. 

Rutherford B. Hayes was elected Governor. 

1868. January T5th the General Assembly (Democratic) rescinded 
the resolution of assent, passed by the previous Legislature, declaring that 
the ratification of the XIV Amendment of the Constitution of the United 
States on behalf of the State of Ohio, was withdrawn and refused, and mak- 
ing the modest request that any and all papers on file in tlie Executive De- 
partment at Washington certifying the ratification of the XIV amend- 
ment, be returned to the General Assembly of Ohio. It is needless to say 
that the request was not granted. Eighteen Senators made a vigorous 
protest against the resolution. 

On November 13th, Honorable David Tod died. 

The Central Limatic Asyhmi, located at Columbus, was on Novem- 
ber i8th destroyed by fire and six lives were lost. 

Bessemer steel was first made at Cleveland during this year. 

1869. On May 4th, the General Assembly by joint resolution refused 
to ratify the XV Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. 

On May 6th an act was passed by the Legislature providing for the 
ceding of ground purchased by Ohio in the Antietam and Gettysburg 
cemeteries to the United States. 

The third national encampment of the Grand Army of the Repub- 
lic was held at Cincinnati, General John A. Logan, Commander. 

Governor R. B. Hayes was re-elected. 

Edwin M. Stanton was born at Steubenville. December 19, 1814, and 
died December 24, 1869. He was Attorney-General under Buchanan ; was 
a Democrat imtil the Civil War, but in 1862 he became Secretary of War 
under Lincoln. In 1869 he was confirmed as Associate-Justice of the 
United States Supreme Court, but before he could assume the duties 
he died. 

1870. The Republicans secured a majority in both houses at the 
October election, and on the 27th of January the (General Assembly ratified 
the XV Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. 

1 87 1. Edward E. Noyes was elected Governor. 

Under the provisions of Article XVI. Section 3, of the State Consti- 
tution, a vote was required to be taken this year on the question, "Shall 



72 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 

there be a convention to revise, alter or amend the constitution?" The 
question was submitted to the people and the vote was in favor of revision. 
The first national convention of the Prohibition party was held at 
Columbus, February 22d, and James Black, of Pennsylvania, was nomi- 
nated for President of the United States. 

1872. Governor Noyes was inaugurated. The General Assembly 
passed an act providing- that the election of delegates to the constitu- 
tional convention should be held in October, which was done. 

The national convention of Liberal Republicans was held at Cincin- 
nati May 4th, and Horace Greeley was nominated for President of the 
United States. On the 29th of November Mr. Greeley died. 

The Ohio State Grange was organized. 

1873. The third constitutional convention met in Columbus on the 
13th of May. It was in session one hundred and eighty-five days and 
drafted a new constitution to be submitted to the people. 

William Allen defeated Governor Noyes for re-election on the "green- 
back" issue. 

The General Assembly passed a law providing for the relief of the 
families of soldiers and marines. 

Salmon P. Chase died May 7, 1873. From 1849 to 1855 ^^^ was 
United States Senator from Ohio; Governor of Ohio from 1856 to i860; 
Secretary of the United States Treasury from 1861 to 1864; and Chief 
Justice of the Supreme Court from 1864 to 1873. 

The "Women's Crusade" against the liquor traffic began in Hillsboro, 
December 23d. 

1874. Governor Allen inaugurated. The Legislature authorized 
the appointment of a Board of Centennial Managers for the Philadelphia 
Exposition. 

At a special election held August i8th, the new constitution was sub- 
mitted to the people, but was defeated. 

In drilling a well at Findlay natural gas was discovered and it was 
soon found that a valuable oil and gas belt was located in northwestern 
Ohio. 

On November 17th the first National Women's Christian Temper- 
ance convention met in Cleveland, and on the 19th the Women's Christian 
Temperance Union was organized. 

1875. A joint resolution was passed by the General Assembly on the 
30th of March "relative to an amendment of Article IV of the State Consti- 
tution, 'Judiciary,' " and on the 12th of October the amendment was 
adopted by a vote of the people. 

Rutherford B. Hayes was elected Governor. Mr. Hayes had the dis- 
tinction of being the only man elected to the office of Governor of Ohio for 
three terms. 

The Ohio State Grange held its first meeting this year. 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



73 



Charles Brush of Cleveland invented a successful dynamo and arc light 
lamp. 

1876. Governor Hayes inaugurated. 

General George A. Custer, born in Harrison county, Ohio, was killed 
in Montana during a fight with hostile Indians. 

The Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College, located at Columbus, 
was opened this year. 

Thomas A. Edison, who was born at Milan, Erie County, Ohio, estab- 
lished his laboratory at Menlo Park, New Jersey, and began work on his 
incandescent lam.p, phonograph, etc. 

On December 29th, a passenger train on the Lake Shore Railroad went 
through a bridge at Ashtabula and nearly one hundred lives were lost. 

1877. Rutherford B. Hayes, having been elected President of the 
United States, presented his resignation as Governor of Ohio to the 
General Assembly on February 28th, to take effect March 2d, at which 
time Lieutenant-Governor Thomas L. Young became acting-Governor. 

At the election in October Richard M. Bishop, Democrat, was elected 
Governor. 

There were strikes in Stark and Wayne counties among the coal 
miners which finally extended to the railroad employees in Ohio, Penn- 
sylvania, West Virginia and Illinois. Serious conflicts occurred between 
the strikers and the militia in the various States. 

1878. Governor Bishop inaugurated. 

On May ist the General Assembly passed an act changing the name of 
the Ohio Agricultural and IMechanical College to the Ohio State Uni- 
versity. 

Yellow fever again made its appearance in the Ohio Valley. 

Benjamin F. Wade was in the United States Senate from 185 1 to 
1869. He was appointed on the San Domingo Commission in 1871, by 
President Grant. Died in 1878. 

1879. Charles Foster and Thomas Ewing were the Republican and 
Democratic candidates for Governor. The campaign was an active one, 
the money question being prominent, but Mr. Foster was elected. 

1880. On June 8th the fourteenth national encampment of the 
Grand Army of the Republic was held at Dayton. 

June 17th the national Prohibition convention met at Cleveland and 
nominated Neal Dow for President. 

James A. Garfield was elected to the United States Senate. Before he 
could assume the duties of this position he was nominated as President of 
the United States by the Republican party and was elected. 

lune 22-24 the national Democratic convention met at Cleveland and 
nominated Winfield Scott Hancock as its candidate for President. 

1 88 1. On Julv 2d, President Garfield was shot and fatally wounded 
by Charles J. Guiteau. He died September 19th and was buried at Lake 
View Cemeterv, Cleveland. 



74 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 

Governor Charles Foster was re-elected. 

1882. Governor Foster held advanced views in regard to taxing 
the liquor traffic in Ohio and his ideas have since been fully endorsed by 
his party. The Pond act was passed by the General Assembly. 

1883. George Hoadly, Democrat, was elected Governor. A disas- 
trous flood occured in the Ohio River during February. The Scott law, 
taxing the liquor traffic, was passed. 

March 28 to April 3,^a riot occured in Cincinnati. The militia was 
called out ; forty-two rioters were killed and one hundred and twenty 
wounded ; the court house was burned and most of the county records 
destroyed. 

A constitutional amendment was adopted which made some changes in 
the judiciary of the State. Under it twenty-one judges of the circuit 
court were to be elected in 1884, three judges in each of the seven circuits, 
to act as an intermediate court between the common pleas and supreme 
courts. An amendment relative to the regulation of the liquor traffic was 
also submitted to the electors, but was defeated. 

1884. A sudden rise occurred in the Ohio River and one hundred 
thousand people were rendered homeless, hundreds of lives were lost and 
millions of dollars' worth of property destroyed. 

The first gas well in Hancock county was found at Findlay. 

Noah H. Swayne died June 8th. Mr. Swayne was United States 
District Attorney for Ohio, from 1831 to 1841, and was a Justice of the 
United States Supreme Court from 1862 to 1881, when he resigned. 

1885. Governor Hoadly was a candidate for re-election, but was 
defeated by Joseph B. Foraker. 

By joint resolution, passed April 9th, an amendment to the coni:titu- 
tion was proposed, changing the date of the election of senators and repre- 
sentatives, governor, lieutenant-governor, secretary of state, auditor of 
state, treasurer of state and attorney-general, from the second Tuesday 
of October to the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November, to be 
submitted to the qualified electors at the October election. This was 
done and the amendment adopted. 

Gen'eral Ulysses S. Grant died July 23d. 

On March 13th the Ohio State Archnsological and Historical Society 
was incorporated. 

September 8th Washington Court House was visited by a tornado 
which did an immense amount of damage. 

1886. The Legislature passed the Dow law regulating the liquor 
traffic. 

The State election was held this year in November for the first time. 

1887. Governor Foraker re-elected. 

February 22 a convention of wage-workers held a meeting in Cin- 
cinnati and formed a new political organization combining various labor 
and agricultural organizations, calling it the "Union Labor Party." 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 75 

1888. April 7th the centennial celebration of the founding of Mari- 
etta was held. 

July 4th the centennial exposition for the Ohio Valley opened in 
Cincinnati. 

September loth the Ohio centennial was opened at Columbus, and on 
the same date the twenty-second national encampment of the Grand Army 
of the Republic opened its sessions in Columbus. 

The Legislature appointed a commission to investigate the property 
rights of the State in lands adjoining the canals. 

General Philip Henry Sheridan, born at Somerset, Ohio, March 6, 
1 83 1, died August 5th. 

Morrison R. Waite died March 23d. From 1871 to 1872 he repre- 
sented the United States as counsel in the Alabama claims before the arbi- 
tration tribunal at Geneva ; he became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court 
of the United States and served until his death. 

1889. Governor Foraker was nominated by his party for a third 
term, but was defeated by James E. Campbell, Democrat. 

George H. Pendleton, Minister to Germany, and S. S. Cox died 
during this year. 

1890. An extraordinary session of the Legislature was called by 
Governor Campbell. 

Lieutenant-Governor Lampson elected on Republican ticket. The 
Senate contended that he was elected by Illegal votes, and the Democrats 
being in the majority "counted him out." 

The Australian ballot was recommended by the Governor. Labor 
Day, the first Monday in September, was made a legal holiday. 

The Garfield monument was dedicated May 30th at Lake View 
Cemetery, Cleveland. 

Steubenville held a celebration in honor of Baron Steuben. 

General Robert C. Schenck died March 23d. 

1891. William McKinley, Jr., was elected Governor. 

By joint resolution of the General Assembly, an amendment to Article 
XII, Section 2, of the Constitution in regard to taxation was to be sub- 
mitted to the people. 

The question of submitting a proposition for holding a convention to 
jevise the constitution of the State was submitted to the electors, but was 
defeated. 

March i6th the Cleveland Municipal Code Bill was passed by the 
Legislature. 

April 30th, the Legislature passed the act familiarly known as 
the "Australian ballot law," providing for a mode of conducting elec- 
tions, "to insure the secrecy of the ballot and prevent fraud and in- 
timidation at the polls." 



76 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 

March 26th an act was passed by the General Assembly to provide for 
a display of the products of Ohio at the Columbian Exposition, to be held 
in Chicago in 1893, and an appropriation was made therefor. 

General William Tecumseh Sherman died February 14th. 

Alphonso Taft died May 21st. Was Judge of Superior Court of Cin- 
cinnati from 1865 to 1871 ; was Secretary of War in 1876; United States 
Attorney-General from 1876 to 1877; was envoy extraordinary and min- 
ister plenipotentiary to Austria in 1882, and Russia in 1884. 

1892. The Supreme Court decided that the Cleveland Charter Law, 
although general in form, was applicable only to Cleveland and was uncon- 
stitutional. 

1893. Governor William McKinley was re-elected. 

Rutherford B. Hayes, nineteenth President of the United States, died 
at his home in Fremont, Ohio, January 17, 1893. 

Ex-Governor Richard M. Bishop died. 

The Lewiston reservoir broke through its embankments and the 
loss entailed by the flood was very heavy. 

On November 6th Wilmington was visited by a tornado which involved 
a property loss of $100,000. 

Ohio made exhibits at the World's Fair in Chicago in every depart- 
ment and section. Ten thousand square feet of floor space was occupied 
by her exhibits. 

Propositions to amend Sections i to 11 inclusive, of Article XI, of the 
State Constitution, in regard to legislative apportionment, and Section 2 
of Article XII, relative to taxation, were submitted to the electors. 

1894. In Governor McKinley 's message to the General Assembly, 
he called attention to the prolonged industrial depression from which the 
people were suffering, and urged the propriety of complying with the pro- 
visions of the constitution by holding biennial sessions of the Legislature, 
stating that a "short session and but little legislation would be appreciated 
at a time like this." The recommendation was adopted and adjourned 
sessions have not been held since that time. 

The General Assembly passed an act granting to women the right of 
suffrage in school elections. 

The Democratic State convention adopted a free silver plank in its 
platform and passed a resolution favoring the popular election of United 
States Senators. 

A centennial celebration was held at Defiance. 

1895. Asa S. Bushnell was elected Governor by a large majority. 
Allen G. Thurman died December 12th. Mr. Thurman was elected 

Judge of the Supreme Court in 1851 ; was elected to Congress in 1844 and 
to the United States Senate in 1869, where he served until 1881, when he 
was appointed by President Garfield as a representative to the International 
Congress at Paris. 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ' i 

1896. April 27th an act was passed by the General Assembly provid- 
ing for an addition to the State Hoiise. 

On April i6th the Legislature by joint resolution provided for the 
holding of a constitutional convention to be submitted to the electors at 
the November election in 1897, but owing to the method of voting pre- 
scribed, the Supreme Court declared the act invalid and the vote was not 
taken. 

The settlement of Cleveland by the Connecticut pioneers was celebrated 
this year. 

Governor William McKinley was nominated as President of the 
United States at the national convention on the first ballot. 

Thomas Ewing, lawyer, Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of the 
Interior and member of Congress, died January 21, 1896. Columbus 
Delano died at Mt. Vernon October 23d. 

1897. This was a phenomenal year for the growth of political par- 
ties, there being eight in the field with full state tickets, namely. Republi- 
can, Democratic, National Democratic (gold). Prohibition, Ohio State 
Liberty (original prohibitionists), People's Party, State Negro Protective 
Party and the Socialist Labor Party. 

Governor Bushnell was re-elected. 

March 28th the coal fields in Jackson county were sold to a London 
syndicate for $4,000,000. 

June i6th a National Anti-Mob and Lynch Law Association was 
incorporated at Columbus. 

On March 4th, William McKinley, of Ohio, was inaugurated as Presi- 
dent of the United States. Honorable John Sherman resigned his seat 
in the United States Senate to become United States Secretary of State. 
Marcus A. Hanna, of Cleveland, was appointed by Governor Bushnell to 
fill the vacant seat in the Senate until the meeting of the General Assembly 
in 1898. 

1898. The General Assembly met January 3d and early in the session 
the election was held for United States Senator. After a spirited contest 
Honorable M. A. Planna was elected for both the unexpired and full 
terms. 

April 25th the Legislature passed an act authorizing the Governor 
to appoint a commission to revise the municipal code of the State. 

February 14th the Maine was destroyed in Havana harbor and April 
19th the United States declared war against Spain. 

During this year death claimed General Rosecrans, General Buell, 
Benjamin Butterworth and Calvin S. Brice. 

1899. A very serious street car strike occurred in Cleveland. It 
began on the morning of June loth and was not abandoned until cold 
weather. 



78 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 

The congress of the National Municipal League was held in Colum- 
bus, November 17th. 

Judge William Lawrence died at Bellefontaine, May 8th. 

George 'K. Nash was elected Governor on the Republican ticket. 

1900. The addition to the State House was completed and is occu- 
pied by the judicial department of the State Government and the various 
offices assigned thereto. 

The General Assembly passed an act April i6th to provide for the 
centralization of township schools and to provide a high school for the 
same. 

John Sherman died October 22d. He served in Congress from 1855 
to 1861 and as United States Senator from 1861 to 1877; he then became 
Secretary of the Treasury and served to 1881, when he again entered the 
Senate and served until 1897, when he resigned to accept a position in 
President McKinley's Cabinet as Secretary of State. 

1901. President William McKinley was shot at Buffalo, September 
5th and died September 14th. 

Governor Nash re-elected. 

Judge William H. Taft was made Governor of the Philippine Islands. 

Benjamin Harrison, twenty-third President of the United States, died 
in Indianapolis, Ind., March 13, 1901. 

Elisha Gray, inventor, was born at Barnesville, Ohio, August 2, 1835, 
and died January 22, 1901. Dr. Newell, the founder of the Government 
life saving service and who aided in the establishment of the United States 
Agricultural Bureau (later made the Department of Agriculture), was 
born at Franklin, Ohio, September 5, 1817, and died August 8, 1901. 

1902. The General Assembly by joint resolutions adopted the fol- 
lowing amendments to the State Constitution, the same to be submitted to 
the electors at the election in November, 1903 : 

Section 3, Article XIII, entitled "Single Liability Amendment" ; Sec- 
tion 2, Article XII, known as the "Taxation amendment"; Section 16, 
Article XI, entitled "Governor's veto" ; Section 2, Article XI, "Legislative 
representation," all to be submitted to the people as above noted. 

An extraordinary session of the Legislature, called by Governor 
George K. Nash with special reference to the consideration of the Mu- 
nicipal Code, convened August 25th, and the code was adopted after 
some delay. It also adopted an amendment to Section 6, Article XIII, 
entitled "Municipal Classification," to be submitted to the electors at the 
November election, 1903. It adjourned October 22. 

The Supreme Court of Ohio decided that the Cleveland "charter lav/," 
although ostensibly general in form, was only applicable to Cleveland, that 
it was special legislation and therefore "repugnant to Section i, Article 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 79 

XIII, of the Constitution of the State." A similar decision was rendered 
in regard to the "Toledo ripper." 

The General Assembly passed the Willis law, requiring corporations 
to file annual reports with the Secretary of State and pay annual fees. 

A law was also passed requiring all insurance companies doing busi- 
ness in Ohio to pay an excise tax. 

Ex-Governor George Hoadly died August 26. 

1903. Four of the five amendments adopted by the General Assembly 
were accepted by the electors of the State, the "taxation" amendment 
being lost. By the amendment to Section 16, Article XI, the Governor of 
Ohio is given the veto power. 

Myron T. Herrick was elected Governor of Ohio by a very large 
majority. 



80 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 



TAXATION. 



Until 1825 land only was taxed for state purposes ; revenue for 
the counties was derived from a poll tax, a. tax on all "mansion- 
houses valued at two hundred dollars or upwards," water mills, 
horses, mules and cattle, and in addition to this a portion of the tax 
received upon realty was given them by legislative appropriation, 
the amount varying from one-fifth to one-half per cent, from year to 
year. 

Land was divided into three classes, "first quality," "second 
quality," and "third quality," upon which there were three rates of 
taxation per one hundred acres. In 1803 the rates were as follows: 

1st Quality $0.60 per 100 acres. 

2nd Quality 0.40 per 100 acres. 

3rd Quality 0.20 per 100 acres. 

The tax laws were revised in 1825, and on the tax duplicate of 
1826 we find "personalty" for the first time, with a value of $11,- 

035.825. 

The following table will show the gradual increase in value, 
both of realty and personalty, by decades, to 1902. 

SUMMARY OF TAX DUPLICATE BY DECADES. 

First Table, 1803 to 1820, Inclusive. 



Tears. 



1803 .. 
1810 .. 
1820 .. 







•6 


to 

<0 


Rate of Taxation 


a 


:^ 


c 


o 

< 


Per 100 Acres. 


o 


1-1 


o 








O 


>. 












>, 




>> 










-a 
am 

0) 


a 


•a 


a 

3 


>> 


>> 


>- 


■oS 


o^ 


z 




« 


"cS 


4J u 


gi- 


'Cii 


5 

o 


G" 


3 


3 




o o 




+j 


a 


a 


fe 


m 


Eh 


H 


r-t 


-a 


CO 



101,709 


2,326,226 


3,641,694 


7,069,629 


$0 60 


$0 40 


;,0 20 


129,741 


4,177,950 


5,625,408 


9,933,099 


125 


1 CO 


65 


255,082 


7,304,633 


5,759,323 


13,319,043 


1 50 


1 00 


50 



$22,331 06 

85,964 39 

205,346 95 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
Second Table, 1830 to 1902, Inclusive. 



HI 



Tears. 



1S30 
1S40 
1850 
1860 
1870 
1880 
1890 
1900 
1902 



$50,086,250 

85,287,291 

341,389,838 

639,894,311 

807.846,636 

1,102.049,931 

1,232,305,312 

1,274,203.721 

1,396,180,471 



$14,589,335 
27,038,895 
98,487,502 
248,408,290 
4.59,684.861 
456.166.134 
543.833,165 
559,849. ,507 
.594,704,917 



■3^ 
>53 



$64, 

112, 

439, 

888, 

1,167, 

1,558, 

1.778, 

1.834, 

1,990, 



675,578 
326.156 
876,340 
302,601 
731,697 
215,965 
138,477 
053,228 
885,388 I 



$232, 
564. 
1,413, 
3,503. 
4,666, 
4.513, 
4,798, 
5,316, 
*2,687, 



472 00 


435 00 


830 OO 


713 00 


242 00 


240 00 


635 64 


623 01 


252 95 



$598,595 00 
1,755,539 00 

4,227,TO8 00 

10,817,676 00 

23,463,631 00 

29,092,048 00 

37,636,940 58 

45,008,126 85 

47,658,208 89 



* No levy was made for general revenue purposes on the duplicate of 1902, this fund 
being provided for bv taxes levied on corporations, in accordance with the provisions of 
the Willis and Cole "acts, passed by the General Assembly of 1902. (O. L. vol. 95, pp. 
124 and 136.) 



6— C. H. Of O. 



82 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 



GOVERNORS OF OHIO. 
1803 to 1903. 



Name. 



Politics. 



County. 



Elected. Served 



Edward Tiffin 

^Edward Tiffin 

^Thomas Kirker 

Samuel Huntington 

Return Jonathan Meigs, Jr. 
^Return Jonathan Meigs, Jr. 

Othniel Looker 

Thomas Worthington 

Thomas Worthington 

Ethan Allen Brown 

*Ethan Allen Brown 

Allen Trimble 

Jeremiah Morrow 

Jeremiah Morrow 

Allen Trimble 

Allen Trimble 

Duncan McArthur 

Robert Lucas 

Robert Lucas 

Joseph Vance 

Wilson Shannon 

Thomas Corwin 

"Wilson Shannon 

Thomas W. Hartley 

Mordecal Bartley 

William Bebb 

*Seabury Ford 

'Reuben Wood 

^Reuben Wood 

William Medill 

William Medill 

Salmon P. Chase 

Salmon P. Chase 

William Dennison, Jr 

David Tod 

»John Brough 

Charles Anderson 

Jacob Dolson Cox 

Rutherford B. Hayes 

Rutherford B. Hayes 

Edward F. Noyes 

William Allen 

lORutherford B. Hayes 

Thomas L. Young 

Richard M. Bishop 

Charles Foster 

Charles Foster 

George Hoadly 

Joseph B. Foraker 

Joseph B. Foraker 

James E. Campbell 

William McKinley 

William McKinley 

Asa S. Bushnell 

Asa S. Bushnell 

George K. Nash 

George K. Nash 



Democrat-Republican 
Democrat-Republican 
Democrat-Republican 
Democrat-Republican 
Democrat-Republican 
Democrat-Republican 
Democrat-Republican 
Democrat-Republican 
Democrat-Republican 
Democrat -Republican 
Democrat -Republican 

Federalist 

Democrat -Republican 
Democrat -Republican 

Federalist 

Federalist 

Federalist 

Democrat-Republican 
Democrat-Republican 

WTiIg 

Democrat 

WTiig 

Democrat 

Democrat 

WTiig 

Whig 

Whig 

Democrat 

Democrat 

Democrat 

Democrat 

Republican 

Republican 

Republican 

Republican 

Republican 

Republican 

Republican 

Republican 

Republican 

Republican 

Democrat 

Republican 

Republican 

Democrat 

Republican 

Republican 

Democrat 

Republican 

Republican 

Democrat 

Republican 

Republican 

Republican 

Republican 

Republican 

Republican 



Ross 


1803 


1803-1805 


Ross 


1805 


1805-1807 


Adams 


Acting. 


1807-1808 


Trumbull 


1808 


1808-1810 


Washington .. 


1810 


1810-1."?12 


Washington . . 


1812 


1S12-1814 


Hamilton 


Acting. 


1814 


Ross 


1814 


1814-1816 


Ross 


1816 


1816-1818 


Hamilton 


1818 


1818-1820 


Hamilton 


1820 


1820-1822 


Highland 


Acting. 


1822 


Warren 


1822 


1822-1824 


Warren 


1824 


1824-1826 


Highland 


1826 


1826-1828 


Highland 


1828 


1828-1830 


Ross 


1830 


1830-1832 


Pike 


1832 


1832-1834 


Pike 


1834 


1834-1836 


Champaign — 


1836 


1836-1838 


Belmont 


1838 


1838-1840 


Warren 


1840 


1840-1842 


Belmont 


1842 


1842-1844 


Richland 


Acting. 


1844 


Richland 


1844 


1844-1846 


Butler 


1846 
1848 


1846-1848 


Geauga 


1S49>1R50 


Cuyahoga 


18.50 


1850-1852 


Cuyahoga 


1851 


1852-1853 


Fairfield 


Acting. 


1853-1854 


Fairfield 


1853 


1854-1856 


Hamilton 


1855 


1856-1858 


Hamilton 


1857 


1858-1860 


Franklin 


1859 


1860-1862 


Mahoning 


1861 


1862-1864 


Cuyahoga 


1863 


1864-1865 


Montgomery .. 


Acting. 


Ii5b5-1866 


Hamilton 


1865 


1866-1868 


Hamilton 


1867 


1868-1870 


Hamilton 


1869 


1870-1872 


Hamilton 


1871 


1872-1874 


Ross 


1873 


1874-1876 


Sandusky 


1875 


1876-1877 


Hamilton 


Acting. 


1877-1878 


Hamilton 


1877 . 


1878-1880 




1879 
1881 
1883 


lSSO-1882 




1882-1884 


Hamilton 


1884-1886 


Hamilton 


1885 


1886-1888 


Hamilton 


1887 


1888-1890 




1889 
1891 
1893 
1895 
1897 
1899 


1890-1892 


Stark 


1892-1894 


Stark 


1894-1896 


Clark 


1896-1898 


Clark 


1898-1900 


Franklin 


1900-1902 


Franklin 


1901 


1902-1904 



1 Resigned March 3, 1807. , ^ , ^ 

2 At the October election in 1807, Return Jonathan Meigs, Jr., was elected Governor. 
Nathaniel Massie, the opposition candidate contested his election on the ground of non- 
residence. General Meigs was declared inelligible, Mr. Massie refused to serve, and 
Thomas Kirker, then Acting Governor, filled the position until the fall of 1808, when 
another election was held and Samuel Huntington was elected Governor. 

8 Resigned March 22, 1814. 

* Resigned January 13, 1822. 

B Resigned April 15, 1844. _ , ^„,„ , ^ ^^ 

« The General Assembly convened on the first Monday in December, 1848, but the 
House did not complete Its organization until January 2, 1849, and on January 22d. Mr. 
Ford was officially notified of his election and entered upon the duties of his office. 

' The last eleclion under the old Constitution was held in October, 1850; in accordance 
with the provisions of the new Constitution the first election under it was held "on 
tho second Tuesday of October, 1851," (Constitution 1851, Schedule, Sections 2, 3, 4.) 

8 Resigned July 15, 1853. 

•Died, August 29, 1865. 

" Resigned March 2, 1877. 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 83 

In accordacne with the provisions of the Constitution of 1802 
(Schedule, Section 6), an election for governor, members of the gen- 
eral assembly, etc., v^as held on the second Tuesday of January, 
1803, and Edward Tiffin was elected governor. The general assem- 
bly convened at Chillicothe on the first 'puesday of March, 1803, 
but it was to hold its regular sessions thereafter "on the first Mon- 
day in December, in every year." (Article i, Section 25, Constitu- 
tion 1802.) 

The following day, March 3d, Governor Tiffin took the oath of 
office, which he was to hold "until the first Monday of December, 
1805." (Article 2, Section 3, Constitution 1802.) 

The Constitution of 185 1 provided for biennial sessions of the 
legislature ; it also provided that all regular sessions should com- 
mence on the first Monday in January, (Article 2, Section 25, Con- 
stitution 1851), and the term of office of the governor begin on 
the second Monday of January, (Article 3, Section 2, Constitution 
of 1851). 



84 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 

OHIO. 
STATE OFFICES— CONSTITUTIONAL. 



Secretary of State Constitution of 1802 

Auditor of State Constitution of 1802 

Treasurer of State . .' Constitution of 1802 

Adjutant General Constitution of 1802 

Attorney General Constitution of 1851 

Board of Public Works Constitution of 1851 



STATE BOARDS, COMMISSIONS, OFFICES, ETC.— STATUTORY. 
Arranged Chronologically. 

Board of Canal Commissioners | 1825-1836-1851 

Board of Public Works | 

State Board of Equalization 1825 

State Commissioner of Common Schools , 1836 

Attorney General 1846-1851 

Ohio State Board of Agriculture 1846 

Superintendent of Public Printing 1860 

Board of State Charities 1867 

(This Board was abolished in 1872, but was again organized in 1876.) 

Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs 1867 

State Geologist 1869 

Superintendent of Insurance v 1872 

Inspector of Mines 1874 

Bureau of Labor Statistics 1877 

Inspector of Workshops and Factories 1884 

Ohio Board of Pharmacy 1884 

Board of Live Stock Commissioners 1885 

Ohio Dairy and Food Commissioner 1886 

State Board of Health 1886 

Ohio Fish and Game Commission 1886 

Ohio State Board of Pardons 1888 

Canal Commissioners 1888 

Bureau of Building and Loan Associations 1891 

State Board of Dental Examiners 1892 

State Inspector of Oils 1892 

State Board of Arbitration 1893 

State Board of Veterinary Examiners 1894 

State Board of Medical Registration and Examination 1896 

State Examiner of Steam Engines 1900 

State Agent for Wa^ Claims 1900 

State Fire Marshal 1900 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



85 



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CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 



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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



87 



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CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 



COUNTIES OF OHIO IN THE ORDER OF THEIR ERECTION. 



Washington, July 27, 1788. 
Hamilton, January 2, 1790. 
Adams, July 10, 1797. 
Jefferson, July 29, 1797. 
Ross, August 20, 1798. 
Trumbull, July 10, 1800. 
Clermont, December 6, 1800. 
Fairfield, December 9, 1800. 
Belmont, September 1, 1801. 
Butler, March 24. 1803. 
Greene, March 24, 1803. 
Montgomery, March 24, 1803. 
Scioto, March 24, 1803. 
Warren, March 24, 1803. 
Columbiana, March 25, 1803. 
Gallia, March 25, 1803. 
Franklin, March 30, 1803. 
Muskingum, January 7, 1804. 
Highland, February 18, 1805. 
Athens, February 20, 1805. 
Champaign, February 20, 1805. 
Geauga, December 31, 1805. 
Miami, January 16, 1807. 
Ashtabula, February 10, 1807. 
Portage, February 10, 1807. 
Knox, January 30, 1808. 
Licking, January 30, 1808. 
Delaware, February 10, 1808. 
Stark, February 13, 1808. 
Tuscarawas, February 13, 1808. 
Wayne, February 13, 1808. 
Preble, February 15, 1808. 
Darke, January 3, 1809. 
Huron, February 7, 1809. 
Pickaway, January 12, 1810. 
Cuyahoga, January 16, 1810. 
Coshocton, January 31, 1810. 
Guernsey, January 31, 1810. 
Madison, February 16, 1810. 
Clinton, February 19, 1810, 
Fayette, February 19, 1810. 
Medina, February 12, 1812. 
Harrison, January 2, 1813. 
Richland, January 7, 1813. 



Monroe, January 29, 1813. 
Pike, January 3, 1815. 
Lawrence, December 21, 1815. 
Jackson, January 12, 1816. 
Clark, December 26, 1817. 
Perry, December 26, 1817. 
Brown, December 27, 1817. 
Morgan, December 29, 1817. 
Logan, December 30, 1817. 
Hocking, January 3, 1818. 
Shelby, January 7, 1819. 
Meigs, January 21, 1819. 
Union, January 10, 1820. 
Allen, February 12, 1820. 
Crawford, February 12, 1820. 
Hancock, February 12, 1820. 
Hardin, February 12, 1820. 
Henry, February 12, 1820. 
Marion, February 12, 1820. 
Mercer, February 12, 1820. 
Paulding, February 12, 1820. 
Putnam, February 12, 1820. 
Sandusky, February 12, 1820. 
Seneca, February 12, 1820. 
Van Wert, February 12, 1820. 
Williams, February 12, 1820. 
Wood, February 12, 1820. 
Lorain, December 26, 1822. 
Holmes, J-xuuary 20, 1824. 
Carroll, December 25, 1832. 
Lucas, June 20, 1835. 
Erie, March 15, 1838. 
Summit, March 3, 1840. 
Lake, March 6, 1840. 
Ottawa, March 6, 1840. 
Wyandot, February 3, 1845. 
Defiance, March 4, 1845. 
Mahoning. February 16, 1846. 
Ashland, February 24, 1846. 
Auglaize, February 14, 1848. 
Morrow, February 24, 1848. 
Fulton, February 20, 1850. 
Vinton, March 23, 1850. 
Noble, March 23, 1851. 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 89 



TRANSPORTATION. 



ROADS. 



The first roadmakers of the Central West were the buffaloes. Mr. 
Charles Butler Hulbert^ calls them the "pioneer engineers of the great 
West," and says, "The routes of the plunging buffalo, weighing one thou- 
sand pounds and capable of covering two hundred miles a day, were well 
suited to the needs of the Indian. One who has any conception of the 
West as it was a century and a half ago, who can see the river valleys filled 
with the immemorial plunder of the river floods, can realize that there 
was but one practicable passageway across the land for either beast or 
man, and that on the summits of the hills. Here on the hilltops, mounting 
on the longest ascending ridges, lay the tawny paths of the buffalo and 
the Indian. They were not only highways ; they were the highest ways." 
Our first roads followed these highways, which were the "great war trails 
of Indian history," and Indian traces "covered the land as with a network." 

When the tide of immigration turned westward, over a hundred years 
ago, pack horses were used to transport the o itfit, carry travelers, pro- 
visions, etc. They were driven in lines of fro;", three or four to a dozen 
or more, each horse being tied to the tail of the c e preceding it, one driver 
managing the entire line. Thus the Indian trails >ecame "packers' paths," 
and proved of inestimable value to the pioneers. When new routes were 
selected, woodsmen blazed the trees to mark the way. 

" As. the number of immigrants increased, Pennsylvania wagons, im- 
mense covered wagons, drawn by four, six or eight horses, according to the 
roads, were used for transportation, anc^ to accommodate these wagons 
the timber had to be cut down and a road made ; where the ground was 
marshy, logs were placed together, forming a "corduroy road." 

The United States Government encouraged the building of roads in 
the new State by providing for a donation of three per cent, from the 
receipts of land sales in Ohio for that specific purpose. 

The second General Assembly, which met in December, 1803, made 
provision for the appropriation of a three per cent, fund for the construc- 
tion and improvement of roads. But, according to Mr. Caleb Atwater, 
it was some time before much improvement was made. He states that ten 
years after the organization of the State "the roads were few, and it was 



1 Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society Publications, vol. VIII, p. 266. 



90 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 

no easy matter for a stranger to follow them. For ourselves, we preferred 
following the pocket compass or the sun to most of the roads in the 
Virginia Military tract." 

The first roads were made by plowing two parallel furrows, scraping 
up the loose dirt and placing it between them to form the roadbed. 

As the population increased, the necessity for good roads became 
greater, and turnpikes, plank and macadam roads were built. The first 
turnpike in the State extended from Warren, Trumbull county, to Lake 
Erie. This was soon followed by one from Columbus to Sandusky, another 
from Cincinnati to Zanesville, etc. 

Zane's Trace was the first great thoroughfare, and for many years 
it was the only one. This road was authorized by an act of Congress 
passed May 17, 1796, and Ebenezer Zane was employed by the Government 
to make a wagon road from Wheeeling, Va., through Ohio, to Maysville, 
Ky. It was used so constantly that it was sometimes cut into ruts so 
deep "that a horse could have been buried in any one of them." Mr. 
Zane's compensation for the work was three sections of land, but he was 
required to drive a wagon over the whole route before the work was 
accepted by the Government. The road passed through Zanesville, Lan- 
caster and Chillicothe. 

The first step toward the construction of the National Road, the 
first great highway through the State, was taken in 1806, when President 
Jefferson appointed a committee to report on the project, which was sug- 
gested by Albert Gallatin, Secretary of the Treasury. They made a 
favorable report in December of the same year. Cumberland, Maryland, 
was to be the eastern terminus of the road, and in 181 1 the first contract 
was let for ten miles west of that point. The road was opened to the Ohio 
River in 1818. The work was commenced^in Ohio in 1825, and was com- 
pleted to the Indiana line in 1834.^ This old National Road played a 
prominent part in the settlement of the central portion of the State espe- 
cially, and has been wxll named "The Historic Highway of Ohio." 

Much time and money have been devoted to roads in later years, but 
there is still very great room for improvement in Ohio roads. 



BOATS. 



Flatboats, keels and barges were the boats first used in the navigation 
of the western rivers. In those early days, when the shores of the streams 
were infested by hostile savages, the safety of boatmen and passengers 
depended largely on their courage and marksmanship. Under the most 
favorable conditions, these boats were slow and hard to manage, danger- 



1 Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society Publications, vol. IX, p. 405. 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



91 



ous foes lurked along the banks of the river, and the means of communi- 
cation were uncertain, as it was difficult to tell friend from foe, the Indians 
using many stratagems to deceive the unwary. 

Shipbuilding began at Marietta in 1800,^ and farmers on the banks 
of the Muskingum, which was navigable for one hundred and fifty miles, 
soon turned their attention to the cultivation of hemp, raising in a few 
vears enough to furnish cordage to western vcsssels and to ship large 
quantities as freight to the Atlantic cities. 

In 1804^ Captain Jonathan Devol, the earliest of Ohio shipwrights, 
built a schooner, and in the spring of the following year she was loaded 
for a voyage on the Mississippi. Among articles noted in her cargo, 
are 200 barrels of Hour, 50 barrels kiln dried corn meal, 4,000 pounds of 
cheese, 6,000 pounds bacon and 100 sets of rum punchion shooks. 

In 1805 there were on the upper Ohio about one hundred and fifty 
keel boats, of thirty tons each, which made the voyage from I'ittsburg to 
Louisville in about two months, or three trips in a year. 

The following comnuuiication to the Baltimore Weekly Register is 
valuable by way of comparison : 

"Cincinnati, May 29, 1811 
"Arrived at tliis place on Sunday morning, the 2Gtli inst., barge Cincinnati, 
Beatle Commander, from New Orleans, with a cargo of sugar, hides, logwood, 
crates, etc. She sailed from New Orleans the 3d of March, arrived at the Falls 
the 9th of May, sixty-eight days; remained at Falls nine days and sailed from 
thence on the 17th inst. This is the first rigged vessel that ever arrived at 
Cincinnati from below. She is but 100 feet keel, 16 feet beam, rigged sloop 
fashion and burthen 64 tons. She was worked over the falls by eighteen men 
in half a day." 



The New Orleans was the first steamboat to go down the Ohio River. 
It was a vessel of four hundred tons, and was built at Pittsburg under 
the direction of Robert Fulton, at a cost of more than fifty thousand dollars. 
In October of 181 1, the boat started for New Orleans and made a success- 
ful trip, but in 1814 it ran against a snag at Baton Rouge and was de- 
stroyed. 

The Enterprise, built in 1814, was the first steamboat to make thf 
return trip, reaching Steubenville in June, 1815. 

The first steamship Imilt in Cleveland was completed in 1824. 



CANALS. 



While the first suggestion of a connection of Lake Erie and the Ohio 
River was made bv Washington before the Union of the States, the first 



1 S. P. Hildreth. 



92 CENTENNIAL HISTORY-OF OHIO. 

action toward the construction of the canals was taken by Hon. Ethan 
Allen Brown, who from 1816 labored faithfully to this end. Opposition 
to public improvements and public schools was, however, very strong, 
and up to 1823-24 nothing definite had been accomplished. But the friends 
of internal improvements and education made the questions of canals and 
good schools an issue in the canvass for the twenty-third General Assembly, 
and the result of the election proved the effectiveness of the work. 

On February 4, 1825, an act was passed by the General Assembly 
providing for the construction of navigable canals in Ohio. Canal Com- 
missioners were appointed to take charge of the construction of the public 
works, and a Canal Fund Commission was appointed to borrow money and 
to have control of expenditures. This commission, under authority of 
law, issued bonds, but failing to dispose of a sufficient amount to eastern 
capitalists, Mr. S. F. Maccracken was sent to London, England, to 
negotiate a loan. He succeeded in borrowing several millions of dollars 
to construct the canals, pledging for security the credit of an undeveloped 
state. 

The State appealed to the General Government for aid in this impor- 
tant work, and in response one million one hundred thousand three hun- 
dred and fifty-one acres were given ; this land was sold for two million 
two hundred thousand dollars and the money used in the construction of 
the canals. 

By 1827 that portion of the Ohio Canal between Akron and Cleveland 
was completed, and the receipts for that year were fifteen hundred dollars. 
The Miami and Erie division was completed between Cincinnati and 
Dayton in 1828, and the receipts amounted to eight thousand forty-two 
dollars and seventy cents. 

There were about seven hundred miles of main lines and feeders and 
six reservoirs constructed, at a cost of fifteen million nine hundred and 
sixty-seven thousand six hundred and fifty dollars. 

The influence of these waterways on the growth of the State and 
the success of the people can hardly be estimated. Towns and cities 
sprang up like mushrooms in the vicinity of the canals ; and farmers who 
had heretofore no market were enabled to sell their produce at a good 
profit. A new impetus was given to immigration and manufactures of 
all kinds increased with the population. The change wrought in the 
condition of the people living within reach of the canals was marvelous ; 
they had lain down at night, poverty stricken toilers, in the silence of the 
forest ; they came forth in the morning with the hum of machinery in mill 
and factory and the noise of the hurrying feet of busy workers in their 
ears, and found prosperity and comfort awaiting them. 

For thirty-five years receipts from the canals exceeded expendi- 
tures $7,073,111 for that period, but since that time expenditures have 
exceeded receipts and some portions of the system have been abandoned. 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 93 

RAILROADS. 

The first railroad built in Ohio was the Mad River and Lake Erie. The 
road was chartered in 1832, when there were but two hundred and twenty- 
nine miles of railroad in operation in the United States. It opened for 
traffic from Sandusky to Bellevue (sixteen miles) in 1837 and to Dayton 
in 1844. 

From the following quotation^ one can get an excellent idea of the 
difference between railroad construction in 1832 and 1900: 



"In order to appreciate tlie progress that has been made in the railroad 
business in Ohio one must contrast a trade made of wooden rails covered with 
strap iron, with modern 'T' rails made of steel, weighing 100 pounds to the 
yard; wooden bridges set on wooden piling, driven into the earth, with steel 
bridges set on best of stone masonry; double-deck coaches, built like an old-fash- 
ioned stage coach, with modern vestibule and Pullman palace cars; a small ten- 
ton engine, built like a modern thresher engine, with a two hundred and eighty- 
ton engine with a tank capacity of seven thousand gallons of water and ten 
tons of coal, with a hauling capacity of two thousand tons up a grade of forty- 
two feet to the mile at a much higher rate of speed than the first engines were 
able to make on a level; a wooden freight car, ten-ton capacity, with a car made 
entirely of steel, with a capacity of fifty tons. And, finally, an engine and a 
couple of cars, coupled together with link and pin, braking done entirely by 
hand, lumbering along at a speed of about ten miles per hour, wi-th a service 
each way once in twenty-four hours, with a train of thirteen cars, each a palace 
within itself, with every convenience, coupled together with automatic couplers, 
which admit of the smallest amount of slack, and handled entirely by air brakes, 
running at a speed of a mile a minute, and so smoothly that the great speed is 
hardly perceptible to the passengers, with service in either direction, in the most 
densely populated districts, every half hour." 



The following statistics from the annual report of the Railroad 
and Telegraph Commissioner for the year ending June 30, 1902, will 
give some idea of the growth of railroads since 1837: 



Mileage 9,059.80 

Cost of roads and equipment $590,753,033.04 

Paid out in salaries $ 42,334,484.89 

Number of employees 75 J20 

Capital stock $310,705!l97.26 

Total earnings from all sources $101,100,341.37 

Total number of passengers carried 28,499,313 

Number of tons of freight carried 132,115,976 

1 Ohio Arcbaeolog'.cal and Historical Society Publications, Vol. IX, p. 192. 



94 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 



OHIO'S WAR RECORD. 



I«I2. 

The United States made formal declaration of war against Great 
Britain June i8, 1812, and in response to President Madison's call for 
troops Governor Meigs recruited three regiments of volunteers. Tecum- 
seh and his Indian allies joined the British forces. The war began with 
defeat and disaster to our army. But in 181 3 General William Henry 
Harrison, then commander-in-chief of the western wing of the army, 
took active measures to retrieve our losses. The raising of the siege of 
Fort Meigs and the retreat of the allied forces of the English and Indians 
under Proctor and Tecumseh, was soon followed by Croghan's gallant 
defense of Fort Stephenson and Perry's victory on Lake Erie, which ter- 
minated the war, so far as Ohio was concerned. The victories of General 
Harrison at the battle of the Thames (Canada) and General Jackson at 
New Orleans were soon followed by a declaration of peace, and a treaty 
of peace was signed by American and British commissioners December 
24, 1814. 

The total number of volunteers furnished by Ohio for this war was 
24,703 and she contributed $312,450 to the expense of the war. This 
tax was raised by internal revenue duties on the manufacture and sale 
of distilled spirits, bank stamps, etc. 



1846. 

War was declared with Mexico May 13, 1846. Four regiments of 
volunteers and three independent companies were sent out by Ohio. The 
total number of men furnished by Oirio was 5,536. This was the largest 
number contributed by any northern State. 



1861. 



On April 15, 1861, President Lincoln issued a proclamation calling 
for 75,000 troops. Ohio responded at once; within twenty-four hours 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 95 

twenty companies had offered their services, and within thirty-six hours 
were on their way to Cbhimbus. They were there organized into the First 
and Second regiments of Ohio Vokmteers and on the 19th they were on 
their way to Washington. On the i6th of April the Ohio Senate passed 
an act appropriating one million dollars ($1,000,000) for war purposes 
and three days later the House passed it unanimously. 

Ohio's quota for troops was 306,322, while the records show the 
number of enlistments to have been 313,180. Her soldiers took part in 
every important battle fought during the four years of the war and we 
may well be proud of the record made by them for patriotism and bravery. 
Eleven thousand two hundred and thirty-seven were killed or mortally 
wounded in battle. Thirteen thousand three hundred and fifty-three died 
from disease before the expiration of their terms of service. 



1898. 

On February 14, 1898, the Maine was destroyed in the harbor of 
Havana and the United States declared war against Spain on the 19th 
of April following. For this war Ohio furnished 14,255 men. 



PENSIONS. 



There were on the rolls of the Columbus pension office at the close of 
the fiscal year for 1903 one hundred and two thousand three hundred and 
eighteen names, and pensions amounting to fifteen million twenty-six thou- 
sand five hundred and sixty-five dollars and sixty-two cents were paid out. 
But, as many of these pensioners are now living outside of this State, the 
amount paid to parties living at the present time in Ohio was seven mil- 
lion nine hundred and fifty-eight thousand seven hundred and ninety 
dollars and fifty-three cents. 



SOLDIERS' CLAIMS. 

The Ohio Department of Soldiers' Claims was created by an act of 
the General Assembly, passed April 12, 1900, and Colonel W. L. Curry 
was appointed commissioner. 

Up to May 20, 1903, two thousand claims had been filed against the 
Government through this department and over twelve hundred adjudi- 
cated; thousands of letters are received each year in regard to claims, 
war data, etc., all of which are given prompt and careful attention. 



96 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 



EDUCATION IN OHIO. 



Before any provision was made for the government of settlers in 
the Northwest Territory, the Continental Congress passed an ordinance 
reserving from sale "lot number sixteen of every township for the main- 
tenance of public schools within the said township." Each township was 
to be six miles square and was to contain thirty-six sections. 

The ordinance of 1787 and the constitutions of Ohio (Article 8, Sec- 
tions 3, 25 and 27, Constitution of 1802, and Article i, Section 7, Constitu- 
tion of 1851) recognize the importance of education. It required some 
years to adjust matters, but finally eleven hundred square miles, a thirty- 
sixth part of all the land in Ohio, was devoted to the support of public 
schools. 

In addition to the grants of land made for public schools, three town- 
ships were reserved for the establishment of schools of a higher grade. 
One of the agreements made by the Ohio Company in its contract with 
Congress for the purchase of a million and a half acres of land in the 
southeastern part of the territory was that two townships should be set 
apart for the endowment of a university, and the General Assembly of 
Ohio passed an act in 1804 to establish the Ohio University at Athens, and 
it was opened for instruction in 1809. 

In 1803 Congress gave to the State one township west of the Great 
Miami River; in 1809 an act was passed by the Legislature to establish 
Miami University. In 1810 it was located at Oxford, but it was not 
opened until November, 1824. The Dayton Academy was incorporated 
in 1807. 

Legislative action in regard to education from 1802 to 1821 was con- 
fined chiefly to incorporating seminaries and academies and leasing school 
lands ; no tax had as yet been authorized, so the people, by voluntary 
contributions, supported the schools. 

The division of townships into school districts was provided for, 
under certain conditions, by the school law of 1821. The first association 
of teachers for mutual improvement was organized in 1822 at Cincin- 
nati. 

On February 5, 1825, the General Assembly passed an act authorizing 
a county tax for the support of common schools, and also provided for 
the appointment of a Board of Examiners by the Court of Common Pleas. 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



<jt 



The first convention held in the interest of pubHc education was held in 
Columbus, January 13, 1836. 

A State School Department was established in 1837, '^'^^1 Hon. Samuel 
Lewis was the first Stale Superintendent. The position was not a sinecure. 
He traveled during- the first year over fifteen hundred miles, mostly on 
horseback, averaging twenty-six miles per day ; he visited forty county 
seats and three hundred schools. His salary for all this work was five 
hundred dollars. He served in this capacity for three years, when he 
resigned on account of ill health. 

From 1840 to 1853 the Secretary of State performed the duties of 
State Superintendent of Schools, but in 1853 the office of State Commis- 
sioner of Common Schools was restored by an act of the General Assembly. 

In 1838 the school tax was made, by legislative enactment, a State 
instead of a county tax. 

In the winter of 1843-44 a good public high school was established 
in Maumee. 

The first teachers' institute in Ohio was held in Sandusky in 1845. 

Cincinnati, Cleveland, Dayton and Columbus had, previous to 1847, 
organized graded schools by special acts of the General Assembly, but 
under the acts of 1849 ^"^1 1853 graded schools were established in all 
the cities and towns of the State and many of the villages. 

Columbus was the first city in the State to create the office of Super- 
intendent of Public Schools and Dr. Asa D. Lord was elected to the office 
and entered upon his duties in May 1847. 

The State Teachers' Association was organized in December, 1847. 

The Ohio School Journal, edited by Dr. Lord, was published at Co- 
lumbus from 1846 to 1852. 

Some interesting comparisons may be found in the following 
table : 





1837 


1902 


Number of public schools in the State 

Total enrollment of pupils 


4,336 

146,440 

7,962 

$286,757 


13,135 

832,044 


Number of teachers employed 

Total amount paid to teachers 


26,410 
$9,267 638. 


Total value of school property 


48,257,961 


Total number of high-schools 


941 


Number of centralized township schools 


45 



In addition to the public schools, the School Commissioner's report 
for 1902 has reports from thirty-seven colleges and universities, fourteen 
academies, eleven business colleges, ten normal schools, eighteen prepar- 
atory schools, sixteen professional schools, four schools for girls, seven 



7-C. H. of O. 



98 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 

theological seminaries, sixty-five parochial and other private elementary 
schools, five public schools for deaf children. 

This brief outline will give some idea of the growth of education in 
Ohio during the century. 

The General Assembly passed an act on the 226. of March, 1870, to 
"establish and maintain an Agricultural and Mechanical College in Ohio," 
and on the 13th of October the Board of Trustees selected a farm of three 
hundred and twenty acres located in the suburbs of Columbus. In 1878, by 
legislative enactment, the name was changed to "Ohio State University." 
The College was opened for instruction in September, 1873. The whole 
number of students on the catalogue of 1874-75 was sixty-six; the number 
enrolled for 1902-3 was 1735. 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUI?E. 99 



OHIO LIBRARIES. 



The first library ^ in the northwest Territory of which we have any 
record was the Putnam Family Library, established at Belpre by Colonel 
Israel Putnam about 1795. This was, to a certain extent, a circulating 
library, as all who were willing to share the expense of maintenance were 
entitled to the privileges of the library. 

On March 6, 1802, the second public library was established at Cincin- 
nati. 

The "Coonskin Library" was organized in 1804, in Ames township, 
Athens county, and was incorporated February 19, 1810, as the "Western 
Library Association." In 1805 The Dayton Library Society was incorpo- 
rated. A library was established at Granville in 1807 and one at Newtown, 
Hamilton county, in 1808. 

We find a list of over four hundred public libraries which were in opera- 
tion in Ohio in 1901, circulating libraries, free circulating, school, college, 
society libraries, etc., which are supported in various ways, some by 
State appropriation and others by taxation, subscription, fees, endowments, 
etc., etc. The total number of volumes in all libraries reporting is 
2,300,074. 



THE OHIO STATE LIBRARY. 

In 1816 the General Assembly appropriated, as a contingent fund for 
the Governor, the sum of three thousand five hundred dollars. In the 
summer of 181 7, while on a visit to the Eastern States, Governor Worthing- 
ton used a portion of this fund for the purchase of five hundred and nine 
volumes for a State library. He had these books placed in a room over 
the Auditor's office in the old State House. The action of the Governor 
was approved by the General Assembly and he was authorized to appoint 
a librarian. The library at this date (November 15, 1903) contains 90,220 
bound volumes and 17,000 documents. 

The traveling library system was introduced in 1896 and on November 
6th of that year the first traveling library was sent to a woman's club in Mt. 

1 Sketches of Ohio Libraries, C. B. Galbreath. 



100 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 

Vernon. The system has proved very popular. At this date (December 
31, 1903) there are six hundred and ninety-six travehng- libraries out, 
aggregating 20,800 voknnes. There are about 25,000 vokuiies in this de- 
partment. 

There are a few hbraries in operation under the county Hbrary system ; 
these are also traveling libraries with the county seat as a center of distri- 
bution. 

The Law Library was a part of the State Library until the Supreme 
Court and Law Library Rooms, located in the southwest corner of the old 
State House, were completed, which was about i860. The library now con- 
tains (1901 report) twenty thousand volumes and is one of the best law 
libraries in the United States. It now occupies fine, commodious quarters 
in the new Judiciary Building. 



OHIO STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE LIBRARY. 

The Library of the Ohio Department of Agriculture was established 
in 1846 and the first volume placed on its shelves was "The Proceedings for 
1845 of the Russian Imperial Economical Society of St. Petersburg," 
which was accompanied by a letter from the Secretary of the Society. 
Hon. Samuel Medary, Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture, made 
the presentation. 

By purchases, gifts and exchanges the library now contains about seven 
thousand volumes and three thousand pamphlets. It is an agricultural 
library ; is located in the rooms of the Department of Agriculture, State 
House, and is open to the public for reference during office hours every day 
in the week. 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 101 



OHIO MINES. 



COAL. 



There are about twelve thousand square miles of coal producing 
strata in Ohio, extending through Trumbull, Geauga, Portage, Summit, 
Medina, Wayne, Holmes, Coshocton, Licking, Perry, Hocking, Vinton, 
Jackson and Scioto. Seams of coal and iron ore in the Hocking Valley 
region were noted by the first white men who visited that portion of the 
country. Coal was first mined in Summit county in 1810. Mr. Henry 
Newberry, in 1828, made the first shipment of coal to Cleveland, for 
the purpose of supplying the lake steamboats. 

In 1901 there were thirty coal producing counties; 947 mines in 
operation (total number 1,006), with a total output of 20,321,290 tons. 
Of this amount 10,489,814 tons w^re mined by the use of machinery. 
Athens headed the list, with a production of 3,066,533 tons. The total 
number of miners employed during the year was 24.901 and the number 
of mining machines in use was 429. 



FIRE CLAY. 



There are seventeen counties in the State which produce fire clay. 
During 1901 the total output was 1,337,181 tons. Stark county furnishing 
280,097 tons. The total number of miners engaged in the work was 798. 



IRON ORE. 



There are but four counties producing iron ore. Jackson. Lawrence, 
Scioto and Mnton. The total output for 1901 was 41.325 tons. 



102 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 

LIMESTONE. 

There are forty-one counties producing limestone and 4,135 persons 
engaged in the industry. There were 554,523 tons burned for Hme ; 
1,419,087 tons of stone were used for fluxing; dimension stone 318,995 
cubic feet; building stone 304,312 cubic yards; for piers and protections 
134,874 cubic yards. 



DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. 103 



OHIO— MANUFACTORIES. 



The first manufactories established north and west of the Ohio River 
were those demanded by the necessities of the early settlers. 

Flouring mills were in operation in the Territory fourteen or fifteen 
years before Ohio was admitted to the Union. The first successful mills 
were built in 1789 on Wolf Creek, by Major Hafhcld White. In the 
summer of 1791 Captain Devol built a fioating" mill in the settlement 
which is described as follows ■} 



'"The mill was erected on two boats, one of tliem l)eing- five, the other ten 
feet wide and forty-five feet long. The smaller one was a pirogue made of the 
trunk of a large hollow sycamore tree, and the lai-ger of timber and plank lilte 
a tlat-boat. The boats were placed eight feet apart, and fastened firmly together 
by heavy cross-beams covered with oak planks, forming a deck fore and aft ot 
the water-wheel. The smaller boat on the outside supported one end of the 
water-wheel and the larger boat the other, in which was placed the mill stones 
and running-gear, covered with a light frame building for tlie protection of 
machinery and miller. The space between the boats was covered with planks, 
forming a deck fore and aft of the water-wheel. This wheel was turned by the 
natural current of the water, and was put in motion and stopped by pulling up 
or pushing down a set of boards similar to a gate in front of the wheel. It could 
grind, according to the strength of the current, from twenty-five to fifty bushels 
of grain in twenty-four hours. ***With the aid of a bolting cloth in the garrison 
very good hour was made." 



A little later a grist and saw mill was erected on Duck Creek. Woolen 
and cotton mills soon followed. 

The old Scioto Salt Works were located nn the banks of Salt Creek, 
a tributary of the Scioto. The wells were about thirty feet in dej^th, but 
the water was so weak that from ten to fifteen gallons were ref|uired to 
make a pound of salt. These wells were sunk about 1798. The salt was 
transferred from the kettle in which it was boiled to the backs of pack 
horses, carried to the settlements, and as late as 1808 it was sold for 
three or four dollars per bushel. 

No doubt such industries as have been noted were established at 
the various settlements before the admission of Ohio to the Union. 

The manufacture of nails by hand was carried on in Steubenville as 
early as 1803 and machines for this purpose were in use l\v 1808. 



1 Howe's Historical Collections, vol. 2, p. 800. 



104 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 

In Cincinnati the manufacture of furniture began at an early date; the 
manufacture of desks, escritoires and veneered tables being advertised 
in a local newspaper in 1800, and in 18 15 mahogany was brought from 
Central America to be manufactured into tables, chairs and bureaus 
at (."incinnati, while a shop for the manufacture of cotton and woolen 
machinery was built there in 1809.^ 

The Baltimore Register for May, 1814, is credited with the follow- 
ing paragraph : 



"New Lisbon has a furnace, bloomery and wire mill. Chillicothe has three 
cotton factories, two nail factories, paper mill, furnace, etc. Cincinnati has a 
steam mill, cotton and woolen factories and numerous distilleries and breweries." 



The following list of the industries in Steubenville in 1817 was given 
in The Navigator, which was published in Pittsburg in 1818.- 



"One woolen factory worked by steam power, in which are manufactured on 
an extensive scale cloths of the finest texture and of the most brilliant and 
lasting- colors: one iron foundry in which casting of all kinds is performed; 
one paper mill, of three vats, in which steam power is used; one brewery in 
which is manufactured beer, ale and porter of the first quality; one steam flour 
mill which is kept in continued and profitable operation; one steam cotton fac- 
tory in which cloths of an excellent quality are made; one nail manufactory; 
two e3rthenware factories; one tobacco and cigar factory; one wool carding 
machine, etc." 



Some of these grist mills sent much of their flour to New Orleans. 

In 1814 a nine story steam flour mill was erected in Cincinnati and in 
1815 large quantities of Indian meal were exported to the West Indies.^ 

A glass factory was built at Cincinnati in 181 5. and window glass 
and hollow ware in 1820.'* 

The first furnace in Ohio was established on Yellow Creek, near 
Youngstown, in 1804. In 1832 a furnace located in the Hanging Rock 
district, near the Ohio River, shipped pig iron to New York by way of 
New Orleans "at a fair profit," and had exported a small amount on order 
to England. Charcoal was used for fuel until 1846, when a furnace was 
built in Mahoning county expressly for the purpose of using bituminous 
coal. The use of coal, by cheapening the cost of production, gave a great 
impetus to the industry. At a later date coke became the principal fuel. 

In 1813 plows were made in Cincinnati, the shares being hammered 
out upon an anvil. The cast iron plow made its appearance about 1825. 



1 U. S. Census Report, 1900, vol. 8, p. 687. 

2 Ohio Archaeological and Historical Publications, vol. VI., 239, 

3 Daniel Drake, A Picture of Cincinnati, 1815, p. 148. 

4 IT. S. Census Report 1900, vol. 8, p. 688, 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 105 

Of the three hundred patents issued cUu-ing- this period on cast iron and 
steel plows over forty were granted to Ohio applicants. 

In 1838 the first foundry and machine shop was erected in Spring- 
field by James Lefifel, who some years afterwards invented the dotible 
turbine water-wheel. 

The first steel plows were made in Ohio in 1848 by E. A. Strong, at 
Gambler. Mr. Strong came to Gambler during the year as a divinity 
student. It being necessary for him to "work his way" through college, 
he set up a forge and inserted an advertisement in the Ohio Cultivator, 
stating that he was prepared to furnish steel plows and would warrant 
the share and mouldboard of every one to jjolish in any soil. He secured 
plenty of orders, and the plows proved entirely satisfactory. 

The cast iron double plow made its ap])earance about 1851. Messrs. 
Gill & Co., of Columbus, and J. Roberts & Co., of Cincinnati, were among 
the earliest and most prominent manufacturers of steel plows. 

In 1852 William N. Whitely invented the Champion reaper and 
mower and the great "Champion" industry was established in Springfield. 

A woolen mill was put in operation in Steubenville in 181 5, and 
shortlv afterwards special looms were built and the first broadcloth manu- 
factured in the United States was made here. 

The Dayton Silk Company was incor|)oratcd in 1839, with a capital 
of one hundred thousand dollars. This company proposed to introduce 
the cultivation of the white mulberry, known as Morus multicaulis, a 
tree that had recentlv been introduced from China and was said to furnish 
abundant food for silk worms. 

A silk factory was erected in Alount Pleasant in 1841 by John W. 
Gill and Thomas White, and the first silk velvet and figured silk manu- 
factured in the United States were made here. Mr. Gill, in a letter to 
the Ohio Cultivator under date of February 25, 1845, gives the following 
account of their work : 



"We have furnished constant em))loyment in the factory alone to fifty per- 
sons, besides those employed during the summer in growing cocoons; have pur- 
chased cocoons and reeled silk to the amount of over four thousand dollars; the 
cocoons were procured from .Jefferson, Belmont, Guernsey, Crawford. Washing- 
ton, Franklin, Harrison, Carroll, Muskingum, Hamilton and several other coun- 
ties in Ohio; from which, with our previous stock, we have manufactured over 
eight thousand dollars worth of goods and have more than five thousand dollars 
worth in various stages of progress, from reeled silk to warp in the looms, on 
which to operate until a new crop is grown. ****I am prepared to furnish all 
orders for plain and plaid velvets and satins; all varieties and colors of dress 
and bonnet silks, vestings, cravats, printed pocket-handkerchiefs, shirts, 
drawers, stockings, half-hose, gloves, plushes, tlorentines, etc., warranted to give 
satisfaction and at fair prices." 



According to the United States Census Report, there were six silk 
niills in Ohio in 1880, representing a capital of twenty-four thousand 



106 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 



seven luinclrcd dollars; in 1890 the number was reduced to three, represent- 
ing a capital of thirty-seven thousand eight hundred and thirty dollars ; 
while in 1900 there are none reported. 

In 1840, 1850, i860 and 1870 Ohio ranked fourth in the value of 
all manufactures ; in 1880 she took the fifth place, which she still holds. 

The following table shows the growth of manufactures in Ohio from 
1850 to 1900: 



MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS OF ALL CLASSES IN OHIO,1850,1900. 
(United States Census Report 1900.) 



1850 



1900 



Number of manufacturing establishments..) 10,622 

Capital invested | 29,019,538 

Average number of wage earners | 51,491 

Average number of children under six 

years of age I Not reported 

Total wages paid | $13,467,156 

Value of products | $62,692,279 



32.398 

$605,792,266 
345,869 

4,369 

$153,955,330 
$832,438,113 



In 1852 the wage earners engaged in manufactures were 2.6 per cent. 
of the entire population of the State ; in 1900 the rate was S.t, per cent, 
of the entire population. 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 107 



IRON AND STEEL MANUFACTURES IN OHIO. 
(United States Census Report 1900). 



IRON. 

The most important industry in the State is the manufacture of iron 
and steel. 

The first blast furnace in Ohio was located in Mahoning county and 
began operation in 1808. 

In 1900 there were 43 blast furnaces I'n the State, representing a 
capital of $23,296,130, employing 6,039 wage earners and paying $3,286,- 
644 in wages, with a product valued at $40,366,637. 



ROLLING MILLS AND STEEL WORKS. 

Ohio reports 64 rolling mills and steel works, with a capital of $63,- 
181,422, paying $16,443,825 in wages and products representing an ag- 
gregate value of $98,568,619. 

The total value of iron and steel products manufactured in Ohio in 
1900 is $138,935,256. 

In 1900 Youngstown was the leading city in this industry. 

In this industry Ohio ranks second. 

POTTERY, TERRA COTTA AND FIRE CLAY PRODUCTS FOR 1900. 

Number of establishments 248 

Capital invested $15,563,969 

Average number of wage earners 11,870 

Wages paid $5,000,846 

Value of products $11,851,225 

The increase in the value of products from 1890 to 1900 was 134.8 per 
cent. Ohio now ranks first. In 1900 the total value of these products 
constitutes 26.8 per cent, of the total value for the United States. 



108 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 

FOUNDRY AND MACHINE SHOP PRODUCTS. 

Number of establishments 861 

Capital invested $68,766,347 

Average number of wage earners 41,799 

Wages paid $20,563,268 

Value of products $72,399,632 

LUMBER, PLANING MILL PRODUCTS. 

Number of establishments 354 

Capital invested 7,498,314 

Average number of visage earners 4,696 

Wages paid $2,169,264 

Value of products $11,066,671 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 109 



METAL WORKING MACHINERY. 

Ohio ranks first in metal working- machinery, with an aggregate 
of products vahied at $10,012,739. 

RAILWAY CARS. 

In the construction and repair of steam railway cars Ohio ranks fifth, 
with a production of $16,917,554. 

GLASS. 

The aggregate value of glass manufactured in Ohio in 1899 was 

$4,547,083. 

CARRIAGES AND WAGONS. 

In the manufacture of carriages and wagons Ohio ranks first, the 
product for 1899 amounting to $18,063,776. 

BOOTS AND SHOES. 

The value of the manufactured products of boot and shoe factories 
for 1899 was $17,920,854. 

Ohio ranks fourth in this industry. 

LEATHER. 

The aggregate value of leather (tanned, curried and finished) prod- 
ucts in Ohio for 1899 amounted to $5,182,065. 

ALCOHOLIC LIQUORS. 

Malt liquors, value of product $18,522,639. 
Distilled liquors, value of product $12,447,268. 

SALT. 

In 1798 the first salt was produced at what is now known as the "Old 
Scioto Works." There are now ten establishments for its manufacture 



110 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 

in the State and the output for 1899 was 1,460,516 barrels, with a total 
value of $818,200. 

Ohio ranks third in value of product and fourth in production. 

MEAT. 

In 1899 the value of the slaughtering and meat packing products 
in Ohio was $20,660,780. 

CANNING FACTORIES. 

There are 70 establishments for canning fruit and vegetables in Ohio 
and the value of the product for 1899 was $1,941,398. 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. J 11 



OHIO RANKS IN MANUFACTURES. 



1st — Carriage and wagon materials. 
Carriages and wagons. 
Clay products. 
Metal working machinery. 

2d — Agricultural implements. 
Food preparations. 
Iron and steel productions. 
Bicycles and tricycles. 

3d — Coffee and spices, roasting and grinding. 
Flouring and grist mill products. 
Foundry and machine shop products. 
Soap and candles. 
Tobacco, cigars and cigarettes. 
Liquors, distilled. 
Tin and terne plate. 
Pumping machinery. 

4th — Boots and shoes, factory product. 

Cars and general shop construction and repairs by steam railway 

companies. 
Clothing, women's, factory product. 
Glass. 

Petroleum, refining. 
Rubber and elastic goods. 
Manufacture of salt. 

5th — Clothing, men's, factory product. 
Electrical apparatus and supplies. 

Lumber, planing mill products, including sash, doors and blinds. 
Printing and publishing, book and job, newspapers and periodicals. 
Liquors, malt. 



112 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 

The steady advance in the development of manufacturing in Ohio is 
not only due to the energy and industry of her sons, but also to her 
geographical location, which furnishes unequale.d commercial advantages. 
Lake Erie on the north, the Ohio River on the east and south, a number of 
navigable rivers, answered the limited requirements of the early settlers, 
and when, with the rapid increase of population, improved transporta- 
tion facilities were required, canals and railways were constructed, and 
today Ohio sends her manufactures to every quarter of the globe. 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ilo 



STREET RAILWAYS IN OHIO'. 



The earliest charters granted for the construction of street railways 
in Ohio of which we have been able to find any record were issued in 
1859. There were a number of companies incorporated during that year, 
but the Cincinnati Street Railway Company seems to have been the first 
to operate a line, using horse cars. 

Cleveland constructed the first commercially successful electric street 
car line in the State, putting it in operation July 27, 1884. 

From the State Auditor's report for 1902 we find that there were in 
Ohio during that year seventy-four lines of electric railway, th/? gross 
earnings of which were $15,186,895. 



»-C. U. ox Q. 



114 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 



TELEGRAPH LINES IN OHIO. 1 



From "The Telegraph in America," by James D. Reid, we find thai 
the first telegraph line erected in Ohio was operated by the Pittsburg, Cin- 
cinnati & Louisville Telegraph Company. It extended from Pittsburg 
along the north shore of the Ohio River to Steubenville and Wheeling, 
thence by the National Road to Cincinnati via Zanesville, Columbus and 
Dayton. The line was completed to Cincinnati August 20, 1847, ^"*^ by 
September loth all the Ohio offices were open for business. The capital 
stock of this company was $138,400. 

The annual report of the Railroad and Telegraph Commissioner for 
1902 gives statistics as follows: 

Miles of wire in Ohio 70,171.71 

Number of employes in Ohio 2,844 

Gross earnings $329>552 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 115 



TELEPHONES AND TELEPHONE LINES IN OHIO.^ 



The first telephones used in Ohio were made by the Ohio Tube Com- 
pany, under the direction of Prof. T. C. Mendenhall, who, during his 
residence in Columbus, always aimed to bring before the public in a pop- 
ular way every scientific discovery. Six of these instruments were manu- 
factured and put in use on a private line, connecting the residences of 
Prof. Mendenhall and Mr. George H. Twiss, the Central High School 
and the Ohio State University. This was immediately after the announce- 
ment of the invention in one of the leading scientific papers of the country, 
which also gave a description of the construction of the apparatus. After 
the organization of the Bell Telephone Company instruments of their 
own construction were brought to the city (the use of all others was pro- 
hibited) and Mr. Sackett was given the agency for the rental of the 
telephones. His work was limited to the construction of a line con- 
necting the office of the Ohio Furniture Company with its factory. The 
first telephone put in use looking to central office service was by Mr. 
George H. Twiss, from an office on the corner of High and Long streets. 
Mr. Twnss had a line constructed from his office to the County Fair 
Grounds (now Franklin Park) for the purpose of placing the telephones 
on exhibition at the Ohio State Fair of 1878. Tents were constructed, 
the instruments placed in position and an admission fee of ten cents 
was charged. The success of this enterprise was greatly aided by the 
courtesy of the Western Union Telegraph Company, which furnished two 
transmitters, the first used in Ohio. The exhibition attracted many people, 
credulous and incredulous, who had never seen or heard the telephone 
in operation. Newspaper reporters were sent to each end of the line to 
note and report results. Music, conversations in Greek, Latin, French, 
German and English were transmitted over the line. During the exhibition 
Colonel Orlando Smith, then superintendent of the Midland Railway 
Company, visited the tent and communicated with the operator at the 
office in the city. He quickly saw the commercial value of this instru- 
ment, which most people simply regarded as a curiosity. He said to 
Mr. Twiss, "Could you extend this line to my office and my residence in 
such a way as would enable me to communicate with my family from my 
office as I am now communicating with your operator in town?" Mr. 



1 We are indebted to Mr. Geo. H. Twiss for the information contained in 
this article. — Editor. 



116 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 

Twiss replied, "Certainly I can; that is the very object I had in view in 
constructing this line, to demonstrate the value of the telephone for such 
purposes." He ordered the instrument placed as soon as possible and 
the work was promptly done. This was in the fall of 1878. Shortly 
afterwards a second line was constructed, connecting the American House, 
Neil House, American Express Company, Ward's ticket brokerage office 
and the railway station with the central office. 

Today telephone lines cover the State like a network. 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



117 



OHIO POSTOFFICES. 



In 1803 there were one thousand two hundred and fifty-eight post- 
offices in the seventeen States of the Union. The number estabhshed in 
Ohio, the infant State, must have been very small and many of the pioneers 
had to travel long distances in order to secure communication with the 
outside world. The following from an excellent authority^ illustrates this 
point : 

"For seven 01 eight years after the first settlement of Franklinton, there 
was no post-office nearer than Chillicothe, and when other opportunities did 
not offer, the people of the village would occasionally raise by contribution the 
means, and employ a man to go to the post-office (45 miles) to carry letters 
to be mailed for their distant friends, and to bring back such letters or papers 
as might be in the office for any of the Franklintonians.****In the summer of 
1805 the first mail contract was taken by Adam Hosac— he being Contractor and 
Postmaster. A weekly mail left Franklinton each Friday, made Chillicothe 
next day and returned home on Sunday." 

But post routes were soon established in various portions of the State 
and remote points brought nearer to civilization. In a few years the mail 
coach took the place of the post boy ; then came the transportation of the 
mails by railroad and the establishment of a system of mail cars. 

At the close of the fiscal year, June 30, 1903, there were two thousand 
nine hundred and twenty postoffices in Ohio. 

The first rural free delivery service was established in Ohio October 
15, 1896, from Somerville and Collinsville. 

Seventy cities have free delivery and there are one thousand five 
hundred and eighty-one rural routes in operation, while there are thirty- 
three rural routes authorized, but not yet in operation. 

During the year the sales of postage stamps, stamped envelopes and 
postal cards amounted to one million seven hundred and ninety-five thou- 
sand one hundred and ninety-four dollars and seventy-eight cents ; while 
the gross revenue of Ohio postoffices amounted to one million nine hundred 
and thirteen thousand seven hundred dollars and thirty-three cents. 



1 Martin's History of Franklin County, p. 14. 



118 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 



LIST OF OHIO CITIES CONTAINING A POPULATION OF 
MORE THAN 10,000. 



Cleveland 381,768 

Cincinnati 325,902 

Toledo 131,822 

Columbus 125,560 

Dayton 85,333 

Youngstown 44,885 

Akron 42,728 

Springfield 38,253 

Canton 30,667 

Hamilton 23,914 

Zanesville 23,538 

Lima 21,723 

Sandusky 19,664 

Newark 18,157 

Portsmouth 17,870 

Mansfield 17,640 

Findlay 17,613 

East Liverpool 16,485 

Lorain 16,028 

Steubenville 14,349 

Marietta 13,348 

Chillicothe 12,976 

Ashtabula 12,949 

Piqua 12,172 

Massillon 11,944 

Ironton 11,868 

Marion 11,862 

Tiffin 10,989 



NUMBER OF PATENTS ISSUED FROM i8oo TO 1900. 



The total number of patents issued to citizens of Ohio from 1800 to 1900 
was 48,102, and the following table will show the ratio of increase: 

1800 to 1829 145 

1830 to 1839 281 

1840 to 1849 433 

1850 to 1859 1,596 

1860 to 1869 5,942 

1870 to 1879 9,973 

1880 to 1889 14,484 

1890 to 1899 15,248 

In 1900 Ohio ranked 5th in the number of patents secured from the Gov- 
ernment. 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



119 



LIST OF OHIO BIRDS. 



Holboell's Grebe. 

Horaed Grebe. 

Pied-billed Grebe. 

Loon. 

Black-throated Loon. 

Red-throated Loon. 

Brunnich's Murre. 

Pomarine Jaegor. 

Parasitic Jaeger. 

Iceland Gull. 

Great Black-backed Gull. 

Herring Gull. 

Ring-billed Gull. 

Bonaparte's Gull. 

Sabine's Gull. 

Caspian Tern. 

P^orster's Tern. 

Common Tern. 

Roseate Tern. 

Least Tern. 

Black Tern. 

Double-crested Cormorant. 

Florida Cormorant 

American White Pelican. 

American Merganser. 

Red-breasted Merganser. 

Hooded Merganser. 

Mallard. 

Black Duck. 

Red-legged Black Duck. 

Baldpate. 

Green-winged Teal. 

Blue-winged Teal. 

Shoveller. 

Pintail. 

Wood Duck, 

Redhead. 

Canvas-back. 

American Scaup Duck. 

Lesser Scaup Duck. 

Ring-necked Duck. 

American Golden-eye. 

Barrow's Golden-eye. 

Buffle-head. 

Old-squaw. 

American Eider. 

King Eider. 

American Scoter. 

White-winged Scoter. 

Ruddy Duck 

Lesser Snow Goose. 
Greater Snow Goose. 
Blue Goose. 



American White-fronted Goose. 

Canada Goose. 

Whistling Swan. 

Trumpeter Swan. 

Wooa Ibis. 

American Bittern. 

Great Blue Heron. 

Least Bittern. 

American Egret. 

Snowy Heron. 

Little Blue Heron. 

Green Heron. 

Black-crowned Night Heron. 

Whooping Crane. 

Sandhill Crane. 

King Rail. 

Virginia Rail. 

Sora. 

Yellow Rail. 

Black Rail. 

Purple Gallinule. 

Florida Gallinule. 

American Coot. 

Northern Phalarope. 

Wilson's Phalarope. 

American Avocet. 

Black-necked Stilt. 

American Woodcock. 

Wilson's Snipe. 

Dowitcher. 

Stilt Sandpiper. 

Knot. 

Pect<n-ai Sandpiper. 

White-rumped Sandpiper. 

Baird's Sandpiper. 

Least Sandpiper. 

Red-backed Sandpiper. 

Semi-palmated Sandpiper. 

Sanderling. 

Marbled Godwit. 

Hudsonian Godwit. 

Greater Yellow-legs. 

Yellow-legs. 

Solitary Sandpiper. 

Willet. 

Bartramian Sandpiper. 

Buff-breasted Sandpiper. 

Spotted Sandpiper. 

Long-billed Curlew. 

Pludsonian Curlew. 

Eskimo Curlew. 

Black-bellied Plover. 

American Golden Plover. 



120 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 



Killdeer. 

Semi-palmated Plover. 

Piping Plover. 

Turnstone. 

Bob-white. 

Ruffed Grouse. 

Prairie Hen. (Extinct.) 

Wild Turkey. (Almost Extinct.) 

Passenger Pigeon. (Almost extinct.) 

Mourning Dove. 

Turkey Vulture. 

Black Vulture. 

Swallow-tailed Kite. 

Marsh Hawk. 

Sharp-shinned Hawk. 

Cooper's Hawk. 

American Goshawk. 

Red-tailed Hawk. 

Red-shouldered Hawk. 

Broad-winged Hawk. 

American Rough-legged Hawk. 

Golden Eagle. 

Bald Eagle. 

Duck Hawk. 

Pigeon Hawk. 

American Sparrow Hawk. 

American Osprey. 

American Barn Owl. 

American Long-eared Owl. 

Short-eared Owl. 

Barred Owl. 

Great Gray Owl. 

Saw-whet Owl. 

Screech Owl. 

Great Horned Owl. 

Snowy Owl. 

American Hawk Owl. 

Carolina Paroquet. (Extinct.) 

Yellow-billed Cuckoo. 

Black-tbilled Cuckoo. 

Belted Kingfisher. 

Hairy Woodpecker. 

Downy Woodpecker. 

Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker. 

Yellow-bellied Sapsucker. 

Northern Pileated Woodpecker. 

Red-headed Woodpecker. 

Red-bellied Woodpecker. 

Northern Flicker. 

Whip-poor-will. 

Chimney Swift. 

Nighthawk. 

Ruby-throated Hummingbird. 

Kingbird. 

Crested Flycatcher. 

Phoebe. 

Olive-sided Flycatcher. 

Wood Pewee. 

Yellow-bellied Flycatcher. 

Green-crested Flycatcher. 

Traill's Flycatcher. 

Least Flycatcher. 

Horned Lark. 

Hoyt's Homed Lark. 

Prairie Horned Lark. 

Blue Jay. 



Northern Raven. 
American Crow. 
Bobolink. 
Cowbird. 

Yellow-headed Blackbird. 
Red-winged Blackbird. 
Meadowlark. 
Thick-billed Redwing. 
Orchard Oriole. 
Baltimore Oriole. 
Rusty Blackbird. 
Bronzed Grackle. 
Evening Grosbeck. 
Pine Grosbeck. 
Purple Finch. 
American Crossbill. 
White-winged Crossbill. 
Redpoll. 

American Goldfinch. 
Pine Siskin. 
Snow flake. 
Lapland Longspur. 
Vesper Sparrow. 
Savanna Sparrow. 
Grasshopper Sparrow. 
Henslow's Sparrow. 
Nelson's Sparrow. 
Lark Sparrow. 
Harris's Sparrow. 
White-crowned Sparrow. 
White-throated Sparrow. 
Tree Sparrow. 
Chipping Sparrow. 
Field Sparrow. 
Slate-colored Junco. 
Bachman's Sparrow. 
Song Sparrow. 
Lincoln's Sparrow. 
Swamp Sparrow. 
Fox Sparrow. 
Towhee. 
Cardinal. 

Rose-breasted Grosbeak. 
Indigo Bunting. 
Dickcissel. 
Scarlet Tanager. 
Summer Tanager. 
Purple Martin. 
Cliff Swallow. 
Barn Swallow. 
Tree Swallow. 
Bank Swallow. 
Rough-winged Swallow. 
Bohemian Waxwing. 
Cedar Waxwing. 
Northern Shrike. 
Migrant Shrike. 
Red-eyed Vireo. 
Philadelphia Vireo. 
Warbling Vireo. 
Yellow-throated Vireo. 
Blue-headed Vireo. 
White-eyed Vireo. 
Black and White Warbler. 
Prothonotary Warbler. 
Worm-eating Warbler. 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



121 



Blue-winged Warbler. 
Golden-winged Warbler. 
Nashville Warbler. 
Orange-crowned Warbler. 
Tennessee Warbler. 
Northern Parula Warbler. 
Cape May Warbler. 
Yellow Warbler. 
Black-throated Blue Warbler. 
Myrtle Warbler. 
Magnolia Warbler. 
Cerulean Warbler. 
Chestnut-sided Wai-bler. 
Bay-breasted Warbler. 
Black-poll Warbler. 
Blackburnian Warbler. 
Sycamore Warbler. 
Black-throated Green Warbler. 
Kirtland's Warbler. 
Pine Wai'bler. 
Palm Warbler. 
Yellow Palm Warbler. 
Prairie Warbler. 
Oven-bird. 
Water-Thrush. 
Louisiana Water-Thrush. 
Kentucky Warbler. 
Connecticut Warbler. 
Mourning Warbler. 
Northern Yellow-throat. 
Yellow-breasted Chat. 



Hooded Warbler. 
Wilson's Warbler. 
Canadian Warbler. 
American Redstart. 
American Pipit. 
Mockingbird. 
Catbird. 

Brown Thrasher. 
Carolina Wren. 
Bewick's Wren. 
House Wren. 
Winter Wren. 
Short-billed Marsh Wren. 
Long-billed Marsh Wren. 
Brown Creeper. 
White^breasted Nuthatch. 
Red-breasted Nuthatch. 
Tufted Titmouse. 
Chickadee. 
Carolina Chickadee. 
Golden-crowned Kinglet. 
Ruby-crowned Kinglet. 
Blue-gray Gnatcatcher. 
Wood Thrush. 
Wilson's Thrush. 
Gray-cheeked Thrush. 
Olive-backed Thrush. 
Hermit Thrush. 
American Robin. 
Bluebird. 



English Sparrow. 



INTRODUCED SPECIES. 

Ring-necked Pheasant. 



LIST OF OHIO ANIMALS, SOME OF WHICH ARE NOW 

EXTINCT. 



Common Opossum. 

Gray Rabbit; Cotton Tail. 

White Rabbit; Northern Hare. 

Canada Porcupine. 

.lumping Mouse. 

Muskrat. 

Pine Mouse. 

Meadow Mouse. 

Rice-field Mouse. 

Common White-footed Mouse. 

Wood Rat. 

Beaver. 

Ground Hog; Woodchuck. 

Gray Gopher. 

Striped Gopher. 

Ground Squirrel; Chipmunk. 

Red Squirrel. 

Gray Squirrel; Black Squirrel. 

Fox Squirrel. 

Common Flying Squirrel. 

Common Shrew; Shrew Mouse. 

Least Shrew. 

Mole Shrew; Short-tailed Shrew. 

Common Mole. 

Hairy-tailed Mole. 

Star-nosed Mole. 

Carolina Brown Bal. 



Little Brown Bat. 

Silver Black Bat. 

Long-eared Bat. 

Twilight Bat. 

Red Bat. 

Hoary Bat. 

Red Deer. 

Wapiti: American Elk. 

Buffalo. 

Common Raccoon. 

Black Bear. 

Amei-ican Otter. 

Common Skunk. 

American Badger. 

Wolverine. 

Sable; Pine Marten. 

Pekan; Black Cat. 

Mink. 

Weasel ; Ermine. 

I.,east Weasel. 

Red Fox. 

Gray Fox. 

Prairie Wolf. 

Wolf. 

Canada Lynx. 

American Wild Cat. 

American Panther. 



122 



CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 



LIST OF OHIO FISHES. 



Silvery Lamprey. 

Brook Lamprey; Small Black Lam- 
prey. 

Shovel Nosed Sturgeon; White Stur- 
geon. 

Lake Sturgeon; Rock Sturgeon. 

Common Gar Pike; Bill-fish. 

Short-nosed Gar Pike. 

Mud Fish; Dog Fish; Grindle Fish. 

Chuckle-headed Cat. 

Channel Cat; White Cat; Blue Cat. 

Great Cat-fish of the Lakes. 

Mud Cat; Flat-head Cat. 

Yellow Stone Cat; Common Stone 
Cat. 

Slender Stone Cat. 

Variegated Stone Cat. 

Chubby Stone Cat; Tadpole Cat. 

Red Mouthed Buffalo Fish; Common 
Buffalo. 

Razor Backed Buffalo; Mongrel 
Buffalo. 

Sucker-mouthed Buffalo; Small- 
mouthed Buffalo. 

Big Carp Sucker. 

Long-finned Carp Sucker. 

Lake Carp. 

Quillback; Spearfish. 

Northern Sucker. 

Common Sucker; Fine-scaled Sucker. 

Hog Sucker; Stone Roller. 

Chub Sucker; Sweet Sucker. 

Striped Sucker. 

Red Horse; White Sucker; "Mullet." 

Golden Red Horse; Lake Mullet. 

Big-jawed Sucker. 

Hare-lip Sucker; Cut-lips. 

Stone Lugger; Steel-backed Minnow. 

Red-bellied Minnow. 

Silvery Minnow. 

Fat-head; Black-head Minnow. 

Blunt-nosed Minnow. 

Nigger Chub; Stone-toter. 

Silver-fin. 

Red-fin. 

Rough-headed Shiner. 

Long-nosed Dace. 

Black-nosed Dace. 

Spotted Shiner. 

Big-eyed Chub. 

Horney-head; River Chub. 



Horned Dace; Creek Chub. 

Red-sided Shiner. 

Golden Shiner; Bream. 

Moon-eye; Toothed Herring. 

Gizzard Shad; Mud Shad. 

Round-fish; Pilot-fish. 

Common White Fish. 

Lake Herring. 

Mongrel White Fish. 

Great Lake Trout. 

Brook Trout; Speckled Trout. 

Trout Perch. 

Killifish. 

Top-minnow ; Top-swimmer. 

Striped Top-minnow. 

Mud-minnow; Dog-fish. 

Little Pickerel. 

Pike; Lake Pickerel. 

Muskallunge; Great Pike. 

Eel. 

Brook Stickleback. 

River Silverside; Brook Silverside. 

Calico Bass; Crappie. 

Rock Bass; Goggle-eye. 

War-mouth; Red-eyed Bream. 

Green Sun-fish. 

Chain-sided Sun-fish. 

Blue Sun-fish; Copper-nosed Bream; 

Dollardee. 
Long-eared Sun-fish. 
Common Sun-fish; Pumpkin-seed; 

Sunny. 
Small-mouthed Black Bass. 
Large-mouthed Black Bass. 
Sand Darter. 
"Johnny" Darter. 
Green-sided Darter. 
Log Perch; Hog-fish. 
Black-sided Darter. 
Blue-breasted Darter. 
Rainbow Darter; Soldier-fish. 
Red-sided Darter. 
Least Darter. 

Yellow Perch; Ringed Perch. 
Pike Perch; Wall-eye; Jack Salmon. 
Sanger; Sand Pike; Horn-fish; Gray 

Pike. 
Striped Bass; Rock-fish. 
White Bass. 

Fresh-water Drum ; Sheeps-head. 
Miller's Thumb; Blob. 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 123 



UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



President Washington, in his last message to Congress, December 7, 
1796, suggested the desirability of establishing "boards composed of 
public characters charged with collecting and diffusing information and 
enabling them by premiums and small pecuniary aid to encourage and 
assist a spirit of discovery and improvement." The suggestion was con- 
sidered favorably by the House of Representatives, and tlie subject was 
referred to a committee, which recommended the creation of such a society. 
A bill to that effect was introduced, read twice, but was never brought 
to a vote. 

On February 21, 1817, a bill for the establishment of a Board of Agri- 
culture was presented to the House ; it was referred to the committee of 
the whole, but got no further. 

Hon. Henry L. Ellsworth, United States Commissioner of Patents, 
during 1836, received many plants and seeds of various kinds from Gov- 
ernment representatives and friends abroad, and, without aid from the 
Government, distributed them to farmers throughout the country. In his 
next annual report he called attention to the importance of the agricultural 
interests of the country and urged the necessity of government aid. Mr. 
Ellsworth's active interest in the work led to the making of an appropri- 
ation of one thousand dollars l)y Congress in 1839, for collecting and dis- 
tributing seeds, prosecuting agricultural investigations and securing agri- 
cultural statistics. The Commissioner of Patents was to do the work 
without additional compensation and the money was to be taken from 
the Patent Office fund. For many }ears the work of distributing seeds, 
collecting and publishing agricultural information, etc., was done under 
the direction of the Commissioner of Patents. In 1849 ^^^^ Department of 
the Interior was established, and the Patent Office, with its agricultural 
work, became a part of it. The establishment of a separate department for 
agriculture was urged from time to time, but no definite action was taken 
until May 15, 1862, when a law creating a De|)arlment of Agriculture 
was passed by Congress ; but the new department occupied its old quarters 
in the Patent Office until its permanent home was ready for occupancy. 
The main building was completed and occupied during Commissioner 
Capron's term (1867-1871). On February 9, 1889, Congress passed an 
act making the Department of Agriculture an executive department of the 
Government, and the title of the head of the department was changed 
from Commissioner of Agriculture to Secretarv of Agriculture. 



124 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 



BUREAUS AND DIVISIONS OF THE UNITED STATES 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



(Year Book of the U. S. Department of Agriculture.) 

Bureau of Animal Industry. In 1878 a special appropriation of ten 
thousand dollars was made by Congress for investigating the diseases of 
animals, and during Commissioner Loring's administration a veterinary 
experiment station was established at Washington under Dr. D. E. Salmon. 
On May 29, 1884, Congress passed an act establishing the Bureau of Ani- 
mal Industry. 

Division of Chemistry, established in 1862; made a bureau later. 

Division of Entomology, established in 1863. 

Division of Statistics, established in 1863 ; made a bureau later. 

Division of Botany, established in 1869 ; now included in the Bureau 
of Plant Industry. 

Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology, established in 1886; 
now included in the Bureau of Plant Industry. 

Division of Pomology, established in 1886; now included in the Bureau 
of Plant Industry. 

Division of Gardens and Grounds, established in 1862; now included 
in the Bureau of Plant Industry. 

Division of Forestry, organized by order of the Commissioner in 
1881 and established by act of Congress in 1886. 

Ofifice of Experiment Stations was established in 1888. 

Division of Soils (formerly Division of Agricultural Soils in the 
Weather Bureau) was established as an independent division of the de- 
partment in 1894 and later made a bureau. 

Section of Foreign Markets established in 1894 ^"^1 made a division 
of the department later. 

Division of Biological Survey established in 1886. 

Ofifice of Public Road Inquiries, established in 1893. 

Division of Publications, established in 1889 as a section of the Divi- 
sion of Statistics ; in 1890 it was organized as the Division of Records and 
Editing and in 1895 it was made the Division of Publications. 

The Weather Bureau was established as a part of the department 
service in 1891, the work being transferred from the War Department. 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 12 



ORGANIZATION OF THE U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRI- 
CULTURE, WASHINGTON, D. C. 



(Year Book of the U. S. Department of Agriculture.) 

Secretary of Agriculture, Hon. James Wilson. 

Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, Hon. Joseph Brigham. 

Bureaus and Divisions. 

Weather Bureau, Willis L. Moore, Chief. 

Bureau of Animal Industry, D. E. Salmon, Chief. 

Dairy Division, Henry E. Alvord, Chief. 

Bureau of Chemistry, Harvey W. Wiley, Chemist. 

Bureo.u of Plant Industry, Beverly T. Galloway, Chief. 

Office of Experiment Stations, A. C. True, Director. 

Bureau of Forestry, Gifford Pinchot, Forester. 

Bureau of Soils, Milton Whitney, Chief. 

Division of Statistics, John Hyde, Statistician. 

Section of Foreign Markets, Frank H. Hitchcock, Chief. 

Division of Entomology, L. O. Howard, Entomologist. 

Division of Biological Survey, C, Hart Merriam, Biologist. 

Office of Public Road Inquiries, Martin Dodge, Director. 

Division of Publications, Geo. Wm. Hill, Chief. 



126 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 



AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS OF THE 
UNITED STATES, WITH LOCATIONS AND 
NAMES OF DIRECTORS. 



(Year Book of the U. S. Department of Agriculture.) 

Alabama (College), Auburn, P. H. Mell. 

Alabama (Canebrake), Uniontown, J. M. Richeson. 

Alabama (Tuskegee), Tuskegee, G. W. Carver. 

Arizona, Tucson, R. H. Foi'bes. 

Arkansas, Fayetteville, R. L. Bennett. 

California, Berkeley, E. W. Hilgard. 

Colorado, Fort Collins, L. G. Carpenter. 

Connecticut (State), New Haven, E. H. Jenkins. 

Connecticut (Storrs), Storrs, W. O. Atwater. 

Delaware, Newark^ A. T. Neale. 

Florida, Lake City, T. H. Taliaferro. 

Georgia, Experiment, R. J. Redding. 

Idaho, Moscow, J. A. McLean. 

Illinois, Urbana, E. Davenport. 

Indiana, Lafayette, Arthur Goss. 

Iowa, Ames, C. F. Curtiss. 

Kansas. Manhattan, J. T. Willard. 

Kentucky, Lexington, M. A. Scoville. 

Louisiana (Sugar), New Orleans, William C. Stubbs. 

Louisiana (State), Baton Rouge, William C. Stubbs. 

Louisiana (North), Calhoun, William C. Stubbs. 

Maine, Orono, C. D. Woods. 

Maryland, College Park, H. .1. Patterson. 

Massachusetts, Amherst, H. H. Goodell. 

Michigan, Agricultural College, C. D. Smith. 

Minnesota, St. Anthony Park, St. Paul, W. M. Liggett. 

Mississippi, Agricultural College, W. L. Hutchinson. 

Missouri (State), Columbia, H. .1. Waters. 

Missouri (Fruit), Mountain Grove, J. T. Stinson. 

Montana, Bozeman, S. Fortier. 

Nebraska, Lincoln, E. A. Burnett. 

Nevada, Reno, J. E. Stubbs. 

New Hampshire, Durham, W. D. Gibbs. 

New Jersey (State), New Brunswick, E. B. Voorhees. 

New Jersey (College), New Brunswick, E. B. Voorhees. 

New Mexico, Messilla Park, Luther Foster. 

New York (State), Geneva, W. H. Jordon. 

New York (Cornell), Ithaca, I. P. Roberts. 

North Carolina, Raleigh, B. W. Kilgore. 

North Dakota, Agricultural College, J. H. Worst. 

Ohio, Wooster, C. E. Thorne. 

Oklahoma, Stillwater, John Fields. 

Oregon, Corvallis, J. Withycombe. 

Pennsylvania, State College, H. P. Armsby. 

Rhode Island, Kingston, H. J. Wheeler. 

South Carolina, Clemson College, H. S. Hartzog. 

South Dakota, Brookings, J. W. Heston. 

Tennessee, Knoxville, A. M. Soule. 

Texas, College Station, L. H. Connell. 

Utah, Logan, J. A. Widtsoe. 

Vermont, Burlington, J. L. Hills. 

Virginia, Blacksburg, J. M. McBryde. 

Washington, Pullman, E. A. Bryan. 

West Virginia, Morgantown, J. H. Stewart. 

Wisconsin, Madison, W. A. Henry. 

Wyoming, Laramie, E. E. Smiley. 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 127 



AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. 



(U. S. Census Report for 1900.) 

Until 1850 the manufacture of agricultural implements was generally 
conducted in small shops and was little more than a "hand trade." The 
capital then employed, as reported by the establishments in operation, 
was $3,564,202, while in 1900 the factories in operation reported a capital 

of $157707,951- 

There had been issued up to December 31, 1901, 42,174 patents on agri- 
cultural implements or parts thereof. 



PLOWS. 



The plows used by the colonists in America were made entirely of 
wood and it was only in the last century that they were even tipped with 
iron. Those early farmers did not welcome improvements ; they "con- 
tended that cast iron plows poisoned the ground, produced weeds and 
spoiled the crops." The first cast iron plow seen in this country was 
imported from Holland after the War of the Revolution. 

Previous to 1797 Thomas Jefferson invented a new form of mold- 
board, fixing its curvature to avoid friction, and later his son-in-law. 
Colonel Randolph, invented a hillside plow. 

A patent was granted in 1797 to Charles Newbold, of Burlington 
county. New Jersey, for the first cast iron plow constructed in America. 

In 1819 Jethrow Wood was granted a patent covering the adjust- 
able cast iron point. The invention of the chilled plow, the use of steel 
in point and moldboard, the sulky plow and the introduction of steam 
and electricity for motive power, have marked eras in the evolution of 
the plow. Activity in the invention of steam plows began in 1861 and by 
the close of 1901 there had been 223 patents issued in that class. In 1888 
the first patent was granted for an electric plow, and up to this time 
ten patents have been issued in this class. 



HARROWS. 



There are three general classes of harrows, spike tooth, spring tooth 
and disk. The spring-tooth harrow was patented by David L. Carver, 



128 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 

of Michigan, in 1869. The disk harrow was patented in 1877, but was 
wonderfully improved in 1892. 



CULTIVATORS. 

The first patent granted for a cultivator was to Borden, in 1830. Many 
improvements have been made since then. Riding and walking cultivators, 
with and without wheels, are now in use. 



SEEDERS AND PLANTERS. 

The first patent issued in the United States for a seeding machine was 
granted to E. Spooner, of Vermont, in 1799. The wheelbarrow planter 
was patented in 1825 and the slide broadcast seeder, a riding implement, 
in 1835. In the more recent improvements the disk feature has been 
applied to the drill and the broadcast seeder attachment to the disk harrow. 



HARVESTING IMPLEMENTS. 

The first patent granted in America for the invention of an implement 
of any kind was issued to Joseph Jenks by the General Court of Massachu- 
setts Bay in 1646, for "an engine for the more speedy cutting of grass," the 
invention "substituting for the short and clumsy English scythe a long slen- 
der blade supported by a rib along its back, a construction easily recog- 
nized as that of the modern scythe. The invention seems also to have ex- 
tended to scythe-making." Mr. Jenks applied to the General Court for 
the patent in order, as he naively says, that his "study and cost may not 
be in vayne or lost." 

The first patent issued by the United States on a machine for cutting 
grain and grass was granted May 17, 1803, to Richard French and J. T. 
Hawkins, of New Jersey. 

A patent covering a machine for mowing by horse power was granted 
in 1812. The invention of Obed Hussey, patented in 1833, has been the 
model from which most of the later improvements have been designed. 

John Hooday, of Gloucester county, Virginia, invented a machine 
which he claimed would get the "wheat out of the ear clean and neat and 
with more expedition than could be done by thrashing, or treading with 
cattle, and that without loss of the chaff or detriment to the straw," and he 
submitted to the Virginia Assembly in 1774 a request for a reward. A 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. l29 

resolution was passed by the assembly allowing him one hundred pounds 
for his invention. 

The first practicable threshing or separating machine was invented 
by Hiram A. and John A. Pitts, of Winthrop, Maine, and from this machine 
has developed the labor-saving thresher and separator now in general use. 

Since the establishment of the United States Patent Office, the follow- 
ing patents have been issued in the various classes of agricultural imple- 
ments : 

Plows 11,625 

Harrows and Diggers 5,774 

Seeders and Planters 8,566 

Harvesters 11,258 

Threshing 4,951 

Total 42,174 

Total Value of Agricultural Implements manufactured in 1899, $101,207,428. 
Total Value of exports of agricultural machinery for 1899, $16,009,149. 

American agricultural implements are exported to the following- 
countries : 

Europe — Austria-Hungary, Azores and Madeira Islands, Belgium, 
Denmark, France, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Portu- 
gal, Roumania, Russia, Spain, Sweden and Norway, Switzerland, Turkey 
in Europe, United Kingdom. 

North America — Bermuda, British Honduras, Canada. 

Central American States — Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, 
Nicaragua, Salvador, Mexico. 

West Indies — British and Danish, Dutch, French, Cuba, Haiti, Porto 
Rico, Santo Domingo. 

South America — Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, 
Ecuador, British Guiana, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela. 

Asia — Aden, Chinese Empire, British East Indies, Hongkong, Japan, 
Turkey in Asia. 

"Oceanica — British Australasia, Guam, Hawaii, Philippine Islands. 

Africa — British Africa, Canary Islands, Egypt, French Africa. 
Portujru^c'^' Africa 



9-C. H. Of O. 



130 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 



UNITED STATES POSTOFFICE DEPARTMENT. 



Upon the formation of the United States Government, the office of 
Postmaster-General was continued by temporary enactments until May 8, 
1794, when the department was established by an act of Congress, and in 
1829, under President Jackson's administration, it was made an executive 
department. The rates of postage fixed in 1792, and operative for many 
years, were based on distance only and were paid in currency. For thirty 
miles and under, six cents ; over thirty and not exceeding sixty miles, 
eight cents ; between sixty and one hundred miles, ten cents ; between one 
hundred and one hundred and fifty miles, twelve cents ; between one hun- 
dred and fifty and two hundred miles, fifteen cents ; between two hundred 
and two hundred and fifty miles, seventeeen cents ; between two hundred 
and fifty and three hundred and fifty miles, twenty cents ; between three 
hundred and fifty and four hundred and fifty miles, twenty-two cents ; over 
four hundred and fifty miles, twenty-five cents. 

In 1845 ^ scale was introduced which was based on both distance and 
weight. Letters not exceeding one-half ounce were carried any distance 
under three hundred miles for five cents ; over three hundred miles, ten 
cents, and an additional rate for every additional half ounce or fraction 
thereof. 

In 185 1 a letter weighing not more than one-half ounce, for dis- 
tances under three thousand miles, was carried for three cents, and for 
six cents if over that distance. 

In 1855 the rate was made three cents for all distances under three 
thousand miles and ten cents for greater distances. 

In 1863 a uniform rate of three cents was made on all domestic letters 
not exceeding one-half ounce. And in 1883 the rate was made two cents 
for each ounce or fraction thereof. 

A committee was appointed by the House of Representatives in 1814, 
"to inquire into the expediency of revising the laws regulating the general 
postofiice establishment of the United States, and so amending them as 
to render them more conformable than they are at present to the principles 
of the Constitution." At that time "the gross revenue had reached the 
sum of but $730,000 annually ; there were 2,670 postoffices and 41,736 miles 
of post routes.'' 

The money order system went into operation November i, liSb/^. 
Postage stamps were first issued under an act of Congress passed March 3, 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 131 

1847, and Stamped envelopes were issued in June, 1853. Postal cards were 
issued May i, 1873. The registry system was introduced July i, 1855. 
Free delivery service (city) was established July i, 1863, and the railway 
postoffice in 1864. 

Number of post offices at close of last fiscal year 74,169 

Appropriation for same $139,475,026.00 

Gross revenue $134,224,443.24 

Expenditures $138,784,487.97 

Number of cities having free delivery 1.065 

Number of rural routes in operation 19,971 

Number of miles covered by same not computed for this year 

Appropriation for this branch of the service by the last Congress 

j City Free Delivery Service $19,505,450.00 

I Rural Free Delivery Service $ 8,054,400.00 

Number of rural routes authorized but not yet in operation 390 changing daily 

Number of miles covered by railway service 192,852.03 

Total miles of postal cars 50,499.62 

Total number of employees in all branches of the 

service Estimated at about 200,000 

Total receipts from sale of postage stamps ] 

Total receipts from sale of stamped envelopes )- $123,511,549.70 

Total receipts from the sale of postal cards J 



132 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 



RAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES. 



The first tram-road in the United States was built from the granite 
quarries at Quincy, Massachusetts, to the Neponset River, in 1826. 

In 1827 a gravity road, for the transportation of coal, was constructed 
at Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania. 

The first road built expressly for transporting freight and passengers 
was the Baltimore & Ohio, which was commenced in 1828. Among the 
first experiments with the steam locomotive on a railroad in this country 
were those made by Peter Cooper on the Baltimore & Ohio in 1829 and 1830. 
In the latter year trials of a small steam engine built by Mr, Cooper, were 
made on the Baltimore & Ohio, but this road did not adopt the steam loco- 
motive until 1832. 

The "Stourbridge Lion," a locomotive engine imported from England, 
made a trial trip August 8, 1829, at Honesdale, Pennsylvania, on a mining 
railroad constructed of hemlock timbers and strap iron rails, which was 
considered a great success. 

The South Carolina R. R. Co., which was incorporated but had not 
commenced work, was so impressed by the performance of the Stourbridge 
Lion that a resolution was at once adopted to employ steam as a motive 
power, and a contract was made with the West Point Foundry Company to 
construct a locomotive engine and it was placed on the road November 2, 
1830. This was the first railroad in the United States or elsewhere to 
adopt the locomotive engine and this was the first engine built in this 
country for railway service. 

In 1901, the following report was made by the Government on rail- 
roads : 

Miles operated in the United States 194,975 

Gross receipts from passengers $360,702,686 

Gross receipts from freight ?1,126,267,652 

Miscellaneous ; $125,478,488 

Total gross receipts $1,612,448,826 

Net traffic earnings 520,294,729 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 138 



TELEGRAPH LINES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



The. first telegraph Hue connected Baltimore and Washington, forty 
miles. It was completed in 1844 and the first telegraphic message, "What 
has God wrought?" was transmitted on the 27th of May of that year. 

The first telegraphic charter issued in the United States was granted 
by the Legislature of Maryland in 1845, to "The Magnetic Telegraph Co.," 
Professor Morse being one of the incorporators. The line from New 
York to Baltimore was com])leted June 5, 1846. The cash receipts of 
the company for the first year amounted to $4,228.77. Capital stock 
$30,000. 

From the Statistical Abstract of the United States for 1902 we take 
the following figures with reference to the Western Union Telegraph Com- 
pany and the Postal Telegraph Cable Company, which, for comparison 
with the business done in 1846, are of special interest : 

WESTERN UNION TELEGRAPH CO. 

Miles of line operated 196,115 

Miles of wire 1,029,984 

Messages sent 69,374,883 

Capital stock $100,000,000 

Receipts 28,073,095 

Expenses 20,780,766 

Profits 7,292,329 

POSTAL TELEGRAPH CABLE CO. 

Miles of poles and cables operated 47,519 

Miles of wire 266,122 

Number of offlces 16,248 

Messages sent 20,086,930 



134 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 



STREET RAILWAYS IN THE UNITED STATES. 



The first street car line in the United States was laid in New York, 
on the Bowery and Fourth avenue, from Prince street to Harlem river, by 
John Stephenson, of that city, in 1831 ; and on this line was placed an 
omnibus car with three compartments, each holding ten persons, with seats 
on the roof for thirty more; the car was drawn by horses. Until 1873 
horses furnished the motive power for all street cars, but in that year 
Andrew Hallidie constructed a cable road in San Francisco, California, 
and the cable system was introduced in a number of the larger cities of 
the country. 

The first electric street car line in the United States was put in 
operation in Cleveland, July 27, 1884. (Johnson's Encyclopedia.) 

The Statistical Abstract of the United States for 1902 gives the 
following figures for electric and elevated lines : 



United States in 1901 1,062 

Miles electric railway track 22,063 

Capital stock $1,324,072,053 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



135 



TELEPHONE LINES IN THE UNITED STATES. 



The first known telephone Hne connected the office of Charles Wil- 
liams, electrician, in Boston, and his house in Somerville., April, 1877, and 
the first telephone exchange was established in Boston during the same 
year. 

The statistics given below are taken from the Statistical Abstract of the 
United States for 1902, and they certainly indicate a marvelous grow^th : 

THE AMERICAN TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH COMPANY. 1901. 

1 411 
Number of exchanges ' 

Branch offices ^ iit;"904 

Aggregate length of wire operated 1 'ooo r47 

Total number of subscribers -L'' aoqVa 

Total number of employees „ ror^n^ 




).f.4 

caStir .foT'""'''"''" " " ::::::::::::::::::::: $io4:652;I!oo:;o 

^os^eaJnings-for-i901-: ^JtSS 

Net earnmgs * ' 



136 ' CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 



UNITED STATES. 



(United States Census Report of 1900) 

In 1800 the gross area (land and water surface) of the United States 
was about 827,844 square miles. The gross area in 1900, exclusive of 
Alaska and Hawaii, is 3,025,600 square miles. Land surface 2,970,038 
square miles; water surface 55,562 square miles. 

POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES FROM 1800 TO 1900. 

1800 5,308,483 

1810 7,239,881 

1820 9,638,453 

1830 12,866,020 

1840 17.069,453 

1850 23,191,876 

1860 31,443,321 

1870 38,558,371 

1880 50,189,209 (including Alaska.) 

1890 63.069,756 (including Indian reservations, Alaska and Hawaii). 

1900 76,303,387 (including Indian reservations, Alaska and Hawaii). 

In 1800 the center of population was 18 miles west of Baltimore, Md., and in 
1900 it was 6 miles southeast of Columbus, Ind. 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



137 



NUMBER AND VALUE OF FARMS AND FARM PROPERTY IN THE UNITED 

STATES IN 1899. 



(U. S. Census for 1900.) 

Total number of farms in the United States 5,739,657 

Number of acres in farms 841,201,546 

Value of farm land with improvements, including buildings $16,674,690,247 

Value of implements and machinery $761,261,550 

Value of live stock $3,078,050,041 

Total value $20,514,001,838 

Total value of farm products for 1899 $4,739,118,752 



ACREAGE, PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF CEREALS IN THE UNITED 

STATES FOR 1899. 

(U. S. Census for 1900.) 



Name. 



Acres. 



Bushels. 



Pounds. 



Value. 



Corn 

Wheat 

Oats 

Barley . . . 

Rye 

Buckwheat 
Kafir Corn 
Rice 



94,916,911 

52,588,574 

29,539,698 

4,470.196 

2,054,292 

807,060 

266,513 

351,344 



2,666,440,279 

658,534,252 

943,389,375 

119,634,877 

25,568,625 

11,233,515 

5,169,113 



283,722,627 



$828,258,326 

369,945,320 

217,098,584 

41,631,762 

12,290,540 

5,747,853 

1,367,040 

7,891,613 



PRODUCTION OF WHEAT IN THE UNITED STATES FROM 1850 TO 1900. 

(U. S. Census Report for 1900.) 

^orrr, 100,485,943 bushels 

,o^^ 173,104,924 bushels 

il^. 287,745,626 bushels 

^IL\ 459,483,137 bushels 

inln 468.373,968 bushels 

jg^Q 658.534.252 bushels 



138 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 

POSITION OF THE CENTER OF WHEAT PRODUCTION 
FROM 1850 TO 1900. 

1850 — 57 miles east-northeast of Columbus, Ohio. 40 degrees, 14 min- 
utes, 18 seconds north latitude, and 81 degrees, 58 minutes, 
49 seconds west longitude. 
i860 — 18 miles north by east of Indianapolis, Indiana. 39 degrees, 59 
minutes, 59 seconds north latitude, and 86 degrees, i minute, 
38 seconds west longitude. 
1870 — 82 miles northeast of Springfield, Illinois. 40 degrees, 39 minutes, 
17 seconds north latitude, and 88 degrees, 48 minutes, 40 sec- 
onds west longitude. 
1880 — 69 miles northwest of Springfield, Illinois. 40 degrees, 36 minutes, 
14 seconds north latitude, and 90 degrees, 30 minutes, 46 sec- 
onds west longitude. 
1890 — 138 miles south by east of Des Moines, Iowa (in Missouri). 39 
degrees, 33 minutes, 53 seconds north latitude, and 93 de- 
grees, 9 minutes, 18 seconds west longitude. 
1900 — 70 miles west of Des Moines, Iowa. 41 degrees, 39 minutes, 19 
seconds north latitude and 94 degrees, 59 minutes, 23 seconds 
west longitude. 
In 1850 the center of the wheat production in the United States was 
situated about 57 miles east-northeast of Columbus, Ohio ; this was not 
very far distant from the location of the center of corn production. In 
the next fifty years the center moved to a point about 70 miles west of 
Des Moines, Iowa. It thus moved about 99 miles to the north and about 
680 miles to the westward, nearly one and one-half times the westward 
movement of corn. 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



139 



PRODUCTION OF CORN IN THE UNITED STATES FROM 1850 TO 1900. 



(U. S. Census Report for 1900.) 

1850 592,071,104 bushels 

l^QQ ' 838,792,742 bushels 

1870 760,944,549 bushels 

1880 1,754,591,676 bushels 

1890 2,122,327,547 bushels 

1900 2,666,440,279 bushels 



POSITION OF THE CENTER OF CORN PRODUCTION FROM 

1 850- 1 900. 

1850 — 86 miles east-southeast of Colunibiis, Ohio. 39 degrees. 14 min^ 
tites, 54 seconds north latitude, and 81 degrees, 43 minutes, 
38 seconds west longitude. 
1860—47 miles west-southwest of New Albany, Indiana. 38 degrees, 
I minute, 54 seconds north latitude, and 86 degrees, 29 minutes, 
4 seconds west longitude. 
1870—90 miles southwest of Indianapolis, Indiana. 38 degrees, 47 min- 
utes, 13 seconds north latitude, and 87 degrees, 14 minutes, 
15 seconds west longitude. 
1880—36 miles southeast of Springfield. Illinois. 39 degrees, 28 minutes, 
12 seconds north latitude, and 89 degrees, 7 minutes, 43 sec- 
onds west longitude. 
1890—55 miles northwest of Springfield, Illinois. 39 degrees, t6 minutes, 
57 seconds north latitude, and 90 degrees, 26 minutes, 49 
seconds west longitude. 
1900—54 miles southwest of Springfield. Illinois. 39 degrees, 19 minutes, 
33 seconds north latitude, and 90 degrees 27 minutes, 6 sec- 
onds west longitude. 
Since 1850 it has moved westward with each decade and is now located 
almost due west of its former position. It is now about five miles north 
of where it was fifty years ago and four hundred and eighty miles further 
west. From 1850 to i860 the center, in moving west, inclined somewhat 
to the south ; from i860 to 1870 it turned a trifle to the north ; in the next 
decade it moved quite a distance to the north ; from 1880 to 1890 it fluctu- 
ated back toward the south ; and in the last decade moved almost due west. 



140 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 



PRODUCTION OF OATS IN THE UNITED STATES FROM 1850 TO 1900. 



(U. S. Census for 1900.) 

1850 146,584,179 bushels 

I860 172,643,185 bushels 

1870 282,107,157 bushels 

1880 407,858,999 bushels 

1890 .' 809,250,666 bushels 

1900 943,389,375 bushels 

In 1850 the center of the oat production of the United States was 
about eighty miles east by south of Columbus, Ohio. In 1900 it had moved 
a little less than one hundred and twenty miles north and about five hundred 
and seventy miles to the west, being about fifty miles north of Burlington, 
Iowa. 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



141 



ACREAGE, PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF HAY AND FORAGE CROPS AND 
PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF CLOVER AND OTHER GRASS SEEDS IN 
THE UNITED STATES FOR 1899. 



Name. 



Acres. 



Bushels. 



Tons. 1 Value. 



Hay and forage 61,691,166 

Clover seed 1 

Other grass seed | 



1,349,209 
3,515,869 



84,011,299 



$484,256,846 
5,359,578 
2,868,839 



TOBACCO. 



Production of tobacco in 1899 iSlo^Anl^ ^^^' 

Total value of crop ?56,993,00o 



ACREAGE, PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF SPECIFIED VEGETABLES IN 
THE UNITED STATES IN 1899. 



(U. S. Census for 1900.) 



Name. 



Acres. 



Bushels. I Value. 



Potatoes 

Sweet potatoes 
Onions 



2,938,952 

537,447 

47,983 



273,328,207 
42,526,696 
11,791,121 



$98,387,614 

19,876,200 

6,637,625 



142 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 



TOTAL EXPENDITURE FOR COMMERCIAL, FERTILIZERS IN THE UNITED 
STATES IN 1899, ARRANGED BY STATES IN ORDER OF EXPENDITURE. 

(Compiled from U. S. Census of 1900.) 

Georgia $5,738,520 

Pennsylvania 4,685,920 

New York 4,493,050 

South Carolina 4,479,043 

North Carolina 4,479,040 

Virginia 3,681,790 

Ohio 2,695,470 

Maryland 2,618,890 

Alabama 2,599,290 

New Jersey 2,165,320 

Indiana 1,553,710 

Hawaii 1,352,847 

Massachusetts 1,320,600 

Connecticut 1,078,240 

Louisiana 1,076,890 

California ^ 937,050 

Mississippi 932,098 

Kentucky 908,250 

Tennessee 898,070 

Illinois 830,660 

Maine 819.680 

Florida 753,120 

Delaware 539,040 

Michigan 492,360 

Vermont 447,065 

West Virginia 405,270 

Missouri 370,630 

New Hampshire • 367,980 

Iowa '. 337,190 

Wisconsin 294,320 

Kansas 268,360 

Rhode Island 264,140 

Minnesota 251,120 

Arkansas 172,510 

Nebraska 153,080 

Texas •. 124,716 

Washington 29,165 

Oregon 27,395 

Colorado 23,225 

District of Columbia 22,600 

Idaho 17,150 

Utah 14,300 

North Dakota 13,855 

South Dakota 12,940 

Wyoming 12,700 

Montana 3,940 

Arizona 2.921 

New Mexico 2,880 

Total $54,783,757 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



143 



NUMBER AND VALUE OF SPECIFIED CLASSES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS 
IN THE UNITED STATES, ON FARMS AND RANGES, JUNE 1, 1900. 



Class. 



Cattle .... 
Horses . . . 
Asses and 

Mules 

Sheep .... 
Swiue .... 



Burros 



Number. 

67,822.330 
18,280,007 
95,603 
3,271,121 
61,605,811 
62,876,108 



Value. 

$1,476,499,714 
896,955,343 
5,824,539 
196,812,560 
170,337,002 
232,027,707 



Receipts from sale of live animals in 1899 $722,913,114 

Value of animals slaughtered on farms in 1899 189,873,310 



VALUE OF POULTRY, AND PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF EGGS FOR 1899. 



Dozen. 



Value. 



Poultry 

Eggs i 1,293,819,186 




$136,891,877 
144,286,158 



BEES, HONEY AND WAX. 

Value of bees June 1. 1900 $10,186,513 

Value of honey and wax produced in 1899 6,664,904 



144 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 



DAIRY INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
(U. S. Census Report for 1900, Vol. 9, p. 437.) 

In order to present the dairy interest of the United States as a whole, 
there are here brought together certain statistics of agriculture and of manufac- 
tures. The totals for the census year 1900, thus combined, are as follows: 

Cows kept for milk, on farms, number 17,139,674 

Cows kept for milk, not on farms, number 973,033 

Total number of cows kept for milk 18,112,707 

Milk produced, on farms, gallons 7,266,392,674 

Milk produced, not on farms, gallons' 462,190,676 

Total gallons of milk produced 7,728,583,350 

Butter, made on farms, pounds 1,071,745,127 

Butter, made in factory creameries, pounds 420,126,546 

Butter, made in urban dairy establishments, pounds 827,470 

Total pounds of butter made 1,492,699,143 

Cheese, made on farms, pounds 16,372,330 

Cheese, made in factories, pounds 281,972,324 

Cheese, made in urban dairy establishments, pounds 662,164 

Total pounds of cheese made 299,006,818 

Condensed milk produced, pounds 186,921,787 

Value of total butter made, at 18 cents $268,685,845 

Value of total cheese, at 9 cents 26,910,614 

Value of total condensed milk 11,888,792 

Value of total cream sold 4,435,444 

Value of total sundry factory products 1,261,359 

Value of total milk consumed' 277,645,100 

/ 

Aggregate value dairy products of United States $590,827,154 



VALUE OF WOOL SHORN IN THE FALL OF 1899 AND SPRING OF 1900 IN 

THE UNITED STATES. 



' 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Wool 


276,991,812 $45,723,739 









1 Estimated. 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



145 



VALUE OF ALL CROPS AND ANIMAL PRODUCTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

IN 1899. 

Total value of all crops, including forest products, for 1899 $3,020,128,531 

Total value of animal products for 1899 1,718,990^221 

Total value of all crops and animal products, 1899 $4,739,118,752 



FLOURING AND GRIST MILLS IN THE UNITED STATES. 
(U. S. Census Report for 1900.) 

The products of the flouring and grist mills of the United States for 1899, 
with values, are reported as follows: 



Barrels. 



Pounds. 



Value. 



Wheat flour 

Rye flour 

Buckwheat flour . . 

Barley meal 

Corn meal 

Hominy 

Feed 

Offal 

Other products, etc. 



Total value 



103,524,094 
1,739,374 



40,035,977 



2,135,562,952 
99,730,423 

305,725,866 

10,061,312,069 

6,559,835,116 



$348,183,800 

4,916,001 

5,065,185 

1,113,958 

73,177,402 

2,723,443 

81,347,132 

38,112,424 

6,079,718 



$560,719,063 



The flouring and grist mills of the United States have reported the 
production of 103,524,094 barrels of flour, representing 489,914,004 bushels 
of wheat at a value of $348,183,800. 

The total amount of wheat flour exported during the fiscal year end- 
ing June 30, 1900, was 18,699,194 barrels; 101,950,389 bushels of un- 
ground wheat of domestic production were exported. 



no-c. H. of o. 



146 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 



VALUE OF SPECIFIED PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
(U. S. Census Report for 1900.) 

Total value of non-metallic mineral products $567,261,144 

Total value of metallic products 518,268,377 

Estimated value of mineral products unspecified 1,000,000 

Grand total $1,086,529,521 



LUMBER PRODUCTS. 
Total value of lumber products for 1900 $566,832,984 



PACKING HOUSES. 
Value of slaughtered and meat packing products $785,562,433 



OLEOMARGARINE. 



Number of establishments 24 

Value of products $12,499,812 



UNITED STATES EXPORTS, SPECIFIED CLASSES. 

Agriculture $851,465,622 

Domestic manufactures 403,641,401 

Mining 39,216,112 

Forest 48,188,661 

Fisheries 7,705,065 

Miscellaneous 5,265,000 

Total $1,355,481,861 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 147 



BIBLIOGRAPHY. 



Adams' History of the United States. 

Annals of Congress. 

American State Papers. 

Atwater's History of Ohio. 

Bailey. 

M. B. Bateham. 

Burnett's Notes on the Early Settlement of the Northwest Territory. 

Benjamin Butterworth, Growth of Industrial Art in the United States. 

Burkett's History of Ohio Agriculture. 

H. B. Carrington, History of the Republican Party in Ohio. 

Chase's Statutes of Ohio. 

Columbus Evening Dispatch. 

Don M. Dickinson, in North American Review. 

Daniel Drake, A Picture of Cincinnati. 

Executive Documents. 

Flint's Letters from America. 

C. B. Galbreath, Sketches of Ohio Libraries. 

E. H. Gilkey, Ohio Hundred Year Book. 

C. H. Greathouse, Historical Sketch of the United States Department of 

Agriculture. 
Harris's Journal of a Tour into the Territory Northwest of the Alleghany 

Mountains. 
Hildreth's Pioneer History of the Ohio Valley. 
History of Athens County. 
House Journals. 

Howe's Historical Collections of Ohio. 
Archer Butler Hulbert, Historic Highways of America. 
Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonor. 
Johnson's Encyclopedia. 
R. S. Kaylor, Ohio Railroads. 
Rufus King, Ohio. 
J. F. Laning, History of Ohio. 
Liberty Hall and Cincinnati Gazette. 
George McKerrow. 
Wm. T. Martin, History of Franklin County. 

F. A. Micheaux, Travels. 



148 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 

Ohio Agricultural Reports. 

Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society Publications. 

Ohio Cultivator. 

Ohio State Journal. 

Ohio State Reports. 

Ohio Statistics. 

Ohio Statutes. 

James D. Reicl, The Telegraph in America. 

D. J. Ryan, History of Ohio. 
Reports of Canal Commissioners. 
Reports of State Auditor. 

Report of School Commissioner for 1902. 

Report of Railroad Commissioner for 1902. 

Report of Chief Mine Inspector for 1901. 

Senate Journals. 

J. W. Taylor's History of the State of Ohio. 

Dr. Norton S. Townshend. 

U. S. Census Reports. 

U. S. Patent Office Reports. 

U. S. Postoffice Department. 

U. S. Statistical Abstract. 

U. S. War Department. 

Year Book of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. 

Waring. 

E. E. White, Education in Ohio. 

Woll, Handbook for Farmers and Dairymen. 



CONTENTS. 



-^^ 



Page. 
Ohio. 

History of agriculture, with statistics 9-13 

State board of agriculture 20-28 

Agricultural education 29-30 

State grange 31 

Horticulture, with statistics 32-35 

Live stock ■ ■ 36-48 

Trees 48-49 

Grasses 49-50 

Tables 50-53 

History 56-79 

Taxation 80-81 

Governors 82-83 

State offices 84 

Counties 85-88 

Transportation 89-93 

War record 94-95 

Education 96-98 

Libraries 99-100 

Mines 101-102 

Manufacturers, with statistics 103-112 

Street railways 113 

Telegraph lines H"* 

Telephone lines 115-llb 

Postoffices 11 ' 

Population of cities 118 

Patents 118 

Birds 119-121 

Animals 121 

- Fishes 122 

United States. 

Department of agriculture 123-125 

Agricultural implements 127-129 

Postoffice department , 130-131 

Railroads 132 

Telegraph lines 133 

Street railroads 134 

Telephone lines 135 

Statistics 136-146 

Bibliography 147-148 



150 INDEX. 



INDEX. 



A 

Page. 

Agricultural education 29-30 

Implements , 48, 127-129 

Experiment stations, list of • 126 

Societies, county 23-25, 64 

Agriculture in Ohio, ] 803-1903 9-13 

Ohio state board of 20 

Ohio state board of, list of members 3-6 

Ohio state board of, list of officers 7 

Alcoholic liquors 109 

Amendments to Constitution of U. S., XIII, XIV and XV 70,71 

Amendments to state constitution 70-71, 74, 75, 76, 78-79 

Animals, list of 121 

Area of Ohio 56 

Area of U. S 136 

Asparagus, acreage and production 19 

Asses and burros on farms 44, 143 

Average yield per acre of various crops (Table) 51 

B 

Barbed wire required for fences (Table) 51 

Barley, acreage, production and value 17 

Eeans, green, acreage and production 19 

Bees, honey and wax 46, 143 

Beets, acreage and production 19 

Bessemer steel 71 

Birds, list of 119-121 

Bishop, R. M 73, 76 

"Black Laws" 58, 66 

Board of Live Stock Commissioners of Ohio 36 

Boats 90-91 

Boots and shoes 109 

Brough, John 69-70 

Broom corn, acreage, production and value 19 

Brush dynamo 73 

Buckwheat, acreage, production and value 17 

Buell, Gen. Don Carlos 77 

Bureaus and division of the U. S. department of agriculture, list of .... 124 

Burr and Blennerhassett 58-59 

Butter and cheese produced on farms 45 

Produced by factories 45 

Butterworth, Benj 77 



INDEX. 151 

C 

Page. 

Cabbages, acreage and production 19 

Canals 63. 91-92 

Canning factories 110 

Carriages and wagons 109 

Carrots, acreage and production 19 

Cattle, dairy, number and value 45 

Dairy products, amount and value 45 

Introduction of, in Ohio 38-42 

Number and value on farms 44 

Celery, acreage and production 19 

Center of population 13fi 

Cereals, acreage, production and value 137 

Cincinnati riot 74 

Cities containing a population of more than 10,000 118 

Civil war 68-70, 94-95 

Clover and other grass seeds 18, 141 

Coal 101 

Commercial fertilizers ' 47, 142 

Constitution of Ohio, 1851 67 

Constitutional conventions 57, 66,72 

Corn, acreage, production and value 17 

Center of production 139 

Production of in bushels, 1850, 1900 17, 139 

Production of by counties 17 

Corwin, Thos 70 

Counties of Ohio, list of 85-87 

In order of erection 88 

County agricultural societies 23-25 

Fair, first held 24 

Cox, S. S 75 

Cucumbers, acreage and production 19 

Cultivators 128 

Custer, Gen. G. A 73 



D 

Dairy cows, number and value 45 

Products, amount and value 45 

Dairy industry of U. S 144 

Distance for planting vegetables (Table) 52 

Domestic animals, number and value 143 

Dry measure (Table) 50 



E 

Edison, Thos. A 73 

Education, agricultural 29-30 

Education in Ohio 96-98 

Egg and poultry production 46, 143 

Ewing, Thos 77 



1 32 INDEX. 

F 

Page 

Fair, county, first held '• 24 

Ohio state, table giving location and receipts 7 

Farm land, total acreage, 1850-1900 47 

Farm products, value of 18 

Farms, classification of 46 

Flower and plant, number and value 35 

Machinery, live stock, etc., value of 47, 137 

Number and value 46 

Nursery, number and value 35 

Principal sources of income 46 

Farmers' institutes 26-28 

Fertilizers, commercial, expenditure for 47, 142 

Fire clay 101, 107 

First blast furnace .... 107 

Coal mine operated 66 

Constitutional convention 57 

County agricultural society 23 

County fair 24 

Gas well T 74 

General assembly 57 

Oil well 61 

Press telegram 66 

Railroad 93 

State fair 22 

Steamboat 60 

Street railroad 113 

Telegraph line 114 

Telephone line 115 

Fishes, Ohio, list of 122 

Flouring and grist mills 48, 145 

Forage, acreage and production 17 

Foraker, J. B 75 

Forest products, value of 49 

Foundry and machine shop products 108 

Fruits, production and value 34-35 



Garfield, Jas. A 73 

Giddings, Joshua R 70 

Glass 109 

Goats, number and value on farms 44 

Governors of Ohio, list of 82-83 

Grain, quantity of seed required for an acre (Table) 51 

Grange, Ohio state 31 

Grapevines, product and value 35 

Grant, U. S 62, 74 

Grasses, list of 49-50 

Grist and flouring mills 48 



INDEX. 153 

H 

Page. 

Harrison, Benj "^^ 

1 27 

Harrows -^^ * 

Harvesting implements ^^^ 

Hay and forage 1'^' ^^^ 

Hayes, R. B 63, 71, 73, 76 

History of agriculture in Ohio, 1803-1903 9-13 

Honey, bees and wax '16, 143 

Hops ^^ 

Horses, introduction of, in Ohio 36-38 

Number and value on farms 44 

Howells, Wra. Dean 65 

I 

Implements, agricultural ^^ 



Indian war 



60 



Institutes, farmers' 26-28 

Iron ore . ..' ^^^ 

Iron and steel manufactures 107 

L 

Labor, expenditure for ^^ 

Lawrence, Judge Wm '° 

Leather ^^^ 

Legal size of measures ^^ 

Lettuce, acreage and production .19 

Libraries, Ohio 99-100 

Limestone •'•"■' 

Lincoln, Abraham 68, 70 

Live Stock Commissioners of Ohio 35 



On farms 



IS 



Introduction of, in Ohio 36-45 

Receipts from sales 45 

Slaughtered on farms, value of 45 

Louisiana Purchase ^* 

Lumber, planing mill products 108,146 

M 

McKinley, William 65, 75, 76, 77,78 

Manufactories 1^3, 112 

Manufacturing establishments in Ohio 106 

Meat 110 

Metal working machinery 100 

Mexican war 66, 94 

Michigan-Ohio boundary line 62, 64 

Mines 101.102 

Mormon church 63-64 

Mules, number and value on farms 44 

Muskmelons, acreage and production 19 



154 INDEX. 

N 

Page. 

Newell, Dr 78 

Nursery farms, number and value 35 



Oats, acreage, production and value 17 

Center of production 140 

Production in bushels, 1850-1900 17, 140 

Ohio Agriculture, sketch of 9-13 

Area of 56 

Brief history of 56-79 

Horticulture 32-35 

Governors, list of 82-83 

Grasses, native list of 48-49 

Population of cities 118 

Population of, by counties 56 

Rank 11, 17, 18, 19, 45, 46, 47, 56, 106, 107, 109, 110, 111, 118 

State Board of Agriculture, sketch of 20-28 

State Board of Agriculture, list of members 3-6 

State Board of Agriculture, list of officers 7 

State fair 22-23 

State fair, table giving location and receipts of fairs 7 

State Grange 31 

State University 73 

Trees, native, list of 48-49 

Ohio-Michigan boundary line 62, 64 

Ohio's war record 68-70, 94-95 

Oleomargarine 46, 146 

Onions, acreage and production 19, 141 

Orchard trees, value of products 34 

Organization of the U. S. Department of Agriculture 125 



Packing house production 146 

Parsnips, acreage and production 19 

■ Patents issued to Ohio citizens, 1800-1900 118 

Peas, green, acreage and production 19 

Pendleton, Geo. H 75 

Pensions 95 

Plant and flower farms 35 

Plows 127 

"Plunder Law" 65 

Population by counties 56 

Population of U. S., 1800-1900 136 

Postal service 117, 130-131 

Potatoes, acreage and production 19, 141 

Pottery, terra cotta and fire clay products 107 

Poultry and egg production 46, 143 

Pumpkins, acreage and production 19 



INDEX. 155 

Q 

Page. 

Quantity of seed (cereals) required to the acre (Table) 51 

Of seed (vegetables) required to the acre (Table) 53 

R 

Radishes, acreage and production 19 

Railroads 93, 132 

Railway cars 109 

Republican party, organization in Ohio 67-68 

Roads S9-90 

Rolling mills and steel works 107 

Rosecrans, Gen 77 

S 

Salt 109 

Schenck, Robert C 75 

Schools, centralization of township 78 

Seeders and planters 128 

Sheep, introduction of, in Ohio 42-43 

Number and value on farms 44 

Sheep and wool 45 

Sherman, John 78 

Sherman, W. T 62, 76 

Silk factory 105 

Sheridan, P. H 75 

Soldiers' claims 95 

Spanish-American War 77, 95 

Spinach, acreage and production 19 

Squashes, acreage and production 19 

Stanton, Edwin M 71 

State fair, sketch of 22-23 

Grange 72 

Boards, commissions, etc. — statutory 84 

Offices — constitutional 84 

Statistics — 

Clover Seed 18, 141 

Commercial fertilizers 142 

Corn 15-16, 17, 137, 139 

Farms, etc 46-48, 137 

Fruits 34-35 

Forest products 49 

Live stock 44-46, 143-145 

Manufactures 106-110 

Oats .• 17, 137, 140 

Potatoes 18, 141 

Railroads 93, 132 

Street railroad 113, 134 

Taxation 80-81 

Telegraph II4, 133 

Telephone 115, 135 

Vegetables 19, 141 

Wheat 13-15,17.137 



15G INDEX. 

Page. 

Street railroads 113 

Swayne, Noah H 74 

"Sweeping Resolutions" 59-60 

Sweet corn, acreage and production 19 

Sweet potatoes, acreage and production 19, 141 

Swine, introduction of, in Ohio 43-44 

Number and value 44 

Tables — 

Average yield per acre of various crops 51 

Barbed wire required for fences 51 

Distances for planting vegetables 52 

Dry measure 50 

Legal size of measures 51 

Quantity of seed (cerals) required per acre 51 

Quantity of seed (vegetables) required per acre 53 

Vitality of seeds 51 

Yield of farm products per acre 52 

Taft, Alphonso 76 

Tax duplicate by decades 80-81 

Taxation 80-81 

Telegraph lines 114, 133 

Telephone lines 115-llC, 135 

Terra cotta, pottery and fire clay products 107 

Thui-man, Allen G 76 

Tobacco, acreage and production 19, 141 

Tod, David 69. 70,71 

Tomatoes, acreage and production 19 

Transportation 89-93 

Trees, orchard 34 

Turnips, acreage and production 34 

U 

United States Bank 61-62 

Department of Agriculture 123-125 

Exports 146 

Postoffice Department 130-131 

V 

Value of all crops in United States 145 

Of specified products in the United States 146 

Vegetable production, value 19 

Vegetables, quantity of seed required to sow an acre 53 

Vitality of seeds (Table) 51 

W 

Wade, Benj. F 73 

Waite, Morrison R 75 

War of 1812 60, 94 

Watermelons, acreage and production 19 

Wax, bees and honey 46, 143 



INDEX. 157 

Page. 

Wheat, acreage and production 17 

Center of production 138 

Production of by counties 13-14 

Production of in bushels, 1850-1900 13, 137 

Willows, acreage and production 19 

Wool 45, 144 

Y 

Yield of farm products per acre (Tabic) 52 



/h) 



^h 



P 



LBJL '06 



